Baclofen and acamprosate based therapy of neurological disorders

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to combinations and methods for the treatment of neurological disorders related to glutamate excitotoxicity and Amyloid β toxicity. More specifically, the present invention relates to novel combinatorial therapies of Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, Alzheimer&#39;s disease related disorder, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Parkinson&#39;s disease, Huntington&#39;s disease, neuropathic pain, alcoholic neuropathy, alcoholism or alcohol withdrawal, or spinal cord injury, based on Baclofen and Acamprosate combination.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to combinations and methods for thetreatment of neurological diseases and disorders. More specifically, thepresent invention relates to novel combinatorial therapy of neurologicaldisorders, based on Baclofen and Acamprosate combination.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the prototypic cortical dementiacharacterized by memory deficit together with dysphasia (languagedisorder in which there is an impairment of speech and of comprehensionof speech), dyspraxia (disability to coordinate and perform certainpurposeful movements and gestures in the absence of motor or sensoryimpairments) and agnosia (ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds,shapes, or smells) attributable to involvement of the corticalassociation areas. Special symptoms such as spastic paraparesis(weakness affecting the lower extremities) can also be involved (1-4).

Incidence of Alzheimer disease increases dramatically with the age. ADis at present the most common cause of dementia. It is clinicallycharacterized by a global decline of cognitive function that progressesslowly and leaves end-stage patients bound to bed, incontinent anddependent on custodial care. Death occurs, on average, 9 years afterdiagnosis (5).

The incidence rate of AD increases dramatically with age. United Nationpopulation projections estimate that the number of people older than 80years will approach 370 million by the year 2050. Currently, it isestimated that 50% of people older than age 85 years are afflicted withAD. Therefore, more than 100 million people worldwide will suffer fromdementia in 50 years. The vast number of people requiring constant careand other services will severely affect medical, monetary and humanresources (6).

Memory impairment is the early feature of the disease and involvesepisodic memory (memory for day-today events). Semantic memory (memoryfor verbal and visual meaning) is involved later in the disease. Bycontrast, working memory (short-term memory involving structures andprocesses used for temporarily storing and manipulating information) andprocedural memory (unconscious memory that is long-term memory of skillsand procedure) are preserved until late. As the disease progresses, theadditional features of language impairment, visual perceptual andspatial deficits, agnosias and apraxias emerge.

The classic picture of Alzheimer's disease is sufficientlycharacteristic to allow identification in approximately 80% of cases(7). Nevertheless, clinical heterogeneity does occur and not only isthis important for clinical management but provides further implicationof specific medication treatments for functionally different forms (8).

The pathological hallmark of AD includes amyloid plaques containingbeta-amyloid (Abeta), neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) containing Tau andneuronal and synaptic dysfunction and loss (9-11). For the last decade,two major hypotheses on the cause of AD have been proposed: the “amyloidcascade hypothesis”, which states that the neurodegenerative process isa series of events triggered by the abnormal processing of the AmyloidPrecursor Protein (APP) (12), and the “neuronal cytoskeletaldegeneration hypothesis” (13), which proposes that cytoskeletal changesare the triggering events. The most widely accepted theory explaining ADprogression remains the amyloid cascade hypothesis (14-16) and ADresearchers have mainly focused on determining the mechanisms underlyingthe toxicity associated with Abeta proteins. Microvascular permeabilityand remodeling, aberrant angiogenesis and blood brain barrier breakdownhave been identified as key events contributing to the APP toxicity inthe amyloid cascade (17). On contrary, Tau protein has received muchless attention from the pharmaceutical industry than amyloid, because ofboth fundamental and practical concerns. Moreover, synaptic densitychange is the pathological lesion that best correlates with cognitiveimpairment than the two others. Studies have revealed that the amyloidpathology appears to progress in a neurotransmitter-specific mannerwhere the cholinergic terminals appear most vulnerable, followed by theglutamatergic terminals and finally by the GABAergic terminals (11).Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in themammalian nervous system. Under pathological conditions, its abnormalaccumulation in the synaptic cleft leads to glutamate receptorsoveractivation (18). Abnormal accumulation of glutamate in synapticcleft leads to the overactivation of glutamate receptors that results inpathological processes and finally in neuronal cell death. This process,named excitotoxicity, is commonly observed in neuronal tissues duringacute and chronic neurological disorders.

It is becoming evident that excitotoxicity is involved in thepathogenesis of multiple disorders of various etiology such as: spinalcord injury, stroke, traumatic brain injury, hearing loss, alcoholismand alcohol withdrawal, alcoholic neuropathy, or neuropathic pain aswell as neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis,Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Parkinson's disease,and Huntington's disease (19-21). The development of efficient treatmentfor these diseases remains major public health issues due to theirincidence as well as lack of curative treatments.

Two kinds of medication are used for improving or slowing down symptomsof AD which lay on some acetylcholinesterase modulators and blockers ofNMDA glutamate receptors (26-27).

NMDAR antagonists that target various sites of this receptor have beentested to counteract excitotoxicity. Uncompetitive NMDAR antagoniststarget the ion channel pore thus reducing the calcium entry intopostsynaptic neurons. Some of them reached the approval status. As anexample, Memantine is currently approved in moderate to severeAlzheimer's disease. It is clinically tested in other indications thatinclude a component of excitotoxicity such as alcohol dependence (phaseII), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (phase III), dementia associated withParkinson (Phase II), epilepsy, Huntington's disease (phase IV),multiple sclerosis (phase IV), Parkinson's disease (phase IV) andtraumatic brain injury (phase IV). This molecule is however of limitedbenefit to most Alzheimer's disease patients, because it has only modestsymptomatic effects. Another approach in limiting excitotoxicityconsists in inhibiting the presynaptic release of glutamate. Riluzole,currently approved in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, showed encouragingresults in ischemia and traumatic brain injury models (22-25). It is atpresent tested in phase II trials in early multiple sclerosis,Parkinson's disease (does not show any better results than placebo) aswell as spinal cord injury. In 1995, the drug reached orphan drug statusfor the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and in 1996 for thetreatment of Huntington's disease. The use of NMDA receptor antagonistssuch as memantine, felbamate, acamprosate and MRZ 2/579 for treatingdepression has also been suggested in US2010076075.

WO2009133128, WO2009133141, WO2009133142 and WO2011054759 disclose drugcombinations for use in the treatment of AD.

Despite active research in this area, there is still a need foralternative or improved efficient therapies for neurological disordersand, in particular, neurological disorders which are related toglutamate and/or amyloid beta toxicity. The present invention providesnew treatments for such neurological diseases of the central nervoussystem (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide new therapeuticmethods and compositions for treating neurological disorders. Moreparticularly, the invention relates to compositions and methods fortreating neurological disorders related to glutamate and/or amyloid betatoxicity, based on a combination of Baclofen and Acamprosate.

The invention stems, inter alia, from the unexpected discovery, by theinventors, that the combination of Baclofen and Acamprosate providessubstantial and unexpected benefit to patients with Alzheimer's disease.Moreover, the inventors have surprisingly discovered that thiscombination provides substantial and unexpected protection of neuronalcells against various injuries encountered in neurological disordersincluding glutamate toxicity. Thus, this combination of Baclofen andAcamprosate constitutes an efficient treatment for patients sufferingfrom, predisposed to, or suspected to suffer from neurologicaldisorders.

An object of this invention therefore relates to compositions comprisinga combination Baclofen and Acamprosate, for use in the treatment of aneurological disorder, particularly AD and related disorders, MultipleSclerosis (MS), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease(PD), neuropathies (for instance neuropathic pain or alcoholicneuropathy), alcoholism or alcohol withdrawal, Huntington's disease (HD)and spinal cord injury.

The composition of the invention may contain Baclofen and Acamprosate asthe only active ingredients. Alternatively, the compositions maycomprise additional active ingredient(s). In this regard, a furtherobject of this invention relates to a composition comprising acombination of Baclofen, Acamprosate, and at least one third compoundselected from Sulfisoxazole, Methimazole, Prilocalne, Dyphylline,Quinacrine, Carbenoxolone, Aminocaproic acid, Cabergoline,Diethylcarbamazine, Cinacalcet, Cinnarizine, Eplerenone, Fenoldopam,Leflunomide, Levosimendan, Sulodexide, Terbinafine, Zonisamide,Etomidate, Phenformin, Trimetazidine, Mexiletine, Ifenprodil,Moxifloxacin, Bromocriptine or Torasemide, for use in the treatment ofneurological disorders in a subject in need thereof.

As it will be further disclosed in the present application, thecompounds in a combinatorial therapy of the invention may beadministered simultaneously, separately, sequentially and/or repeatedlyto the subject.

The invention also relates to any pharmaceutical composition per secomprising a combination of at least two compounds as defined above.

The compositions of the invention typically further comprise one orseveral pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers. Also, thecompounds as used in the present invention may be in the form of a salt,hydrate, ester, ether, acid, amide, racemate, or isomer. They may alsobe in the form of sustained-release formulations. Prodrugs orderivatives of the compounds may be used as well.

In a preferred embodiment, the compound is used as such or in the form asalt, hydrate, ester, ether or sustained release form thereof. Aparticularly preferred salt for use in the present invention isAcamprosate calcium.

In another preferred embodiment, a prodrug or derivative is used.

A further object of this invention is a method of preparing apharmaceutical composition, the method comprising mixing Baclofen andAcamprosate, in a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.

Another object of this invention relates to a method for treating aneurological disorder in a mammalian subject in need thereof, preferablya human subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering tosaid subject an effective amount of a combination of the invention.

A further object of this invention relates to a method for treatingAlzheimer or a related disorder in a mammalian subject in need thereof,preferably a human subject in need thereof, the method comprisingadministering to said subject an effective amount of a combination ofthe invention.

A preferred object of this invention relates to a method for treating aneurological disorder in a mammalian subject in need thereof, preferablya human subject in need thereof, the method comprising simultaneously,separately or sequentially administering to said subject an effectiveamount of Baclofen and Acamprosate.

A more preferred object of this invention relates to a method fortreating Alzheimer or a related disorder in a mammalian subject in needthereof, preferably a human subject in need thereof, the methodcomprising simultaneously, separately or sequentially administering tosaid subject an effective amount of Baclofen and Acamprosate.

The invention may be used for treating a neurological disorder in anymammalian subject, preferably in any human subject, at any stage of thedisease. As will be disclosed in the examples, the compositions of theinvention are able to ameliorate the pathological condition of saidsubjects.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1: Validation of the experimental model of human βamyloid'stoxicity on endothelial cells used for drug screening. One hour of VEGFpre-treatment at 10 nM significantly protected the capillary networkfrom this amyloid injury (+70% of capillary network compared to amyloidintoxication).

FIG. 2: Effect of Baclofen (BCL) and Acamprosate (ACP) combinationtherapy on the total length of capillary network in beta-amyloidintoxicated HBMEC cultures. The human amyloid peptide (Aβ₁₋₄₂ 2.5 μM)produces a significant intoxication, above 40%, compared tovehicle-treated cells. This intoxication is significantly prevented bythe combination of Acamprosate and Baclofen (A) whereas, at thoseconcentrations, Acamprosate (B) and Baclofen (C) alone have nosignificant effect on intoxication.

: p<0.05, significantly different from Aβ₁₋₄₂ intoxication; *: p<0.05,significantly different from vehicle; “ns” no significant effect(ANOVA+Dunnett Post-Hoc test).

FIG. 3: Effect of Baclofen (BCL) and Terbinafine (TBN) combinationtherapy on the total length of capillary network in beta-amyloidintoxicated HBMEC cultures. The human amyloid peptide (Aβ₁₋₄₂ 2.5 μM)produces a significant intoxication, above 40%, compared tovehicle-treated cells. This intoxication is prevented by the combinationof Terbinafine and Baclofen. *: p<0.05: significantly different fromcontrol (no intoxication).

FIG. 4: Validation of the experimental model of human βamyloid'stoxicity on neuronal cells used for drug screening. One hour ofEstradiol (150 nM) or BDNF (50 ng/mL) pre-treatment significantlyprotected the neurons from this amyloid injury (−94%), which isconsidered as a positive control for neuroprotection.*: p<0.05:significantly different from control (no intoxication);

: p<0.05, significantly different from Aβ₁₋₄₂ intoxication.

FIG. 5: Effect of Acamprosate (ACP) and Baclofen (BCL) combinationtherapy on LDH release in human Aβ₁₋₄₂ toxicity on rat primary corticalcells. The human amyloid peptide (Aβ₁₋₄₂ 10 μM) produces a significantintoxication compared to vehicle-treated neurons. This intoxication issignificantly prevented by the combination of Acamprosate and Baclofen(A) whereas, at those concentrations, Acamprosate (B) and Baclofen (C)alone have no significant effect on intoxication.

: p<0.05, significantly different from Aβ₁₋₄₂ intoxication; *: p<0.05,significantly different from vehicle; “ns” no significant effect.(ANOVA+Dunnett Post-Hoc test).

FIG. 6: Effect of Cinacalcet (CNC) and Sulfisoxazole (SFX) combinationtherapy on LDH release in human Aβ₁₋₄₂ toxicity on rat primary corticalcells. The human amyloid peptide (Aβ₁₋₄₂ 10 μM) produces a significantintoxication compared to vehicle-treated neurons. This intoxication isprevented by the combination of Cinacalcet and Sulfisoxazole. *: p<0.05,significantly different from vehicle.

FIG. 7: Effect of Acamprosate (ACP) and Baclofen (BCL) combinationtherapy on the total length of neurites network in beta-amyloidintoxicated cortical neurons. The human amyloid peptide (Aβ₁₋₄₂ 2.5 μM)produces a significant intoxication, above 15%, compared tovehicle-treated cells. This intoxication is significantly prevented bythe combination of Acamprosate and Baclofen whereas, at thoseconcentrations, Acamprosate and Baclofen alone have no significanteffect on intoxication.

: p<0.05, significantly different from Aβ₁₋₄₂ intoxication; *: p<0.05,significantly different from vehicle (ANOVA+Dunnett Post-Hoc test).

FIG. 8: Effect of Acamprosate and Baclofen combination therapy onbehaviour as defined by Y-maze test. The amyloid peptide produces asignificant decrease in cognition as measured by percentage ofalternation (53.8% versus 73.5%). This deleterious effect issignificantly prevented (48.2% of protection) by the combination ofAcamprosate (0.2 mg/kg/day) and Baclofen (3 mg/kg/day). ⋄: p<0.05,significantly different from Aβ₂₅₋₃₅ intoxication; *: p<0.05,significantly different from vehicle (ANOVA+Dunnett Post-Hoc test).

FIG. 9: Effect of Acamprosate and Baclofen combination therapy on memoryas defined by passive avoidance (escape latency). The amyloid peptideproduces a significant decrease in memory performances as measured byescape latency compared to control. This deleterious effect issignificantly prevented (complete protection) by the combination ofAcamprosate (0.2 mg/kg) and Baclofen (3 mg/kg). ⋄: p<0.05, significantlydifferent from Aβ₂₅₋₃₅ intoxication; *: p<0.05, significantly differentfrom vehicle (ANOVA+Dunn's test).

FIG. 10: Effect of Acamprosate and Baclofen combination therapy onmemory as defined by passive avoidance (step-through latency). Theamyloid peptide produces a significant decrease in memory performancesas measured by step-through latency, above 44%, compared to control.This deleterious effect is significantly prevented (78.8% of protectioneffect) by the combination of Acamprosate (0.2 mg/kg) and Baclofen (3mg/kg) whereas, at those concentrations, Acamprosate and Baclofen alonehave a lower effect on intoxication. ⋄: p<0.05, significantly differentfrom Aβ₂₅₋₃₅ intoxication; *: p<0.05, significantly different fromvehicle (ANOVA+Dunn's test).

FIG. 11: Effect of Acamprosate and Baclofen combination therapy onneuron's density in hippocampus. The amyloid peptide produces asignificant decrease neuronal density as measured by the number ofneurons per millimeter in hippocampus, above 21%, compared to control.This neuronal injury is significantly prevented (63.2% of injuredneurons are protected) by the combination of Acamprosate (0.2 mg/kg) andBaclofen (3 mg/kg). ⋄: p<0.05, significantly different from Aβ₂₅₋₃₅intoxication; *: p<0.05, significantly different from vehicle(ANOVA+Dunnett Post-Hoc test).

FIG. 12: Effect of Acamprosate and Baclofen combination therapy on theblood brain barrier integrity. The amyloid peptide affect the bloodbrain barrier (BBB) inducing a significant increase of its permeability,above 51%, compared to control. Those damages on the blood brain barrierare significantly prevented (66.6% of the integrity restored) by thecombination of Acamprosate (0.2 mg/kg) and Baclofen (3 mg/kg). ⋄:p<0.05, significantly different from Aβ₂₅₋₃₅ intoxication; *: p<0.05,significantly different from vehicle (ANOVA+Dunnett Post-Hoc test).

FIG. 13: Effect of Acamprosate and Baclofen combination therapy on thesynaptic density as reflected by the synaptophysin concentration. Theamyloid peptide affect the synapse function inducing a significantdecrease the synaptophysin concentration in brain, above 34%, comparedto control. Those damages on the synaptic density are significantlyprevented (76%) by the combination of Acamprosate (0.2 mg/kg/day) andBaclofen (3 mg/kg/day). ⋄: p<0.05, significantly different from Aβ₂₅₋₃₅intoxication; *: p<0.05, significantly different from vehicle(ANOVA+Dunnett Post-Hoc test).

FIG. 14: Protective effect of Acamprosate and Baclofen combinationtherapy on the oxidative stress in hippocampus. The amyloid peptideinduces a significant increase of oxidative stress in hippocampus asmeasured by lipid peroxydation, above 59%, compared to control. Thisoxidative stress is significantly prevented (65.9%) by the combinationof Acamprosate (0.2 mg/kg/day) and Baclofen (3 mg/kg/day). ⋄: p<0.05,significantly different from Aβ₂₅₋₃₅ intoxication; *: p<0.05,significantly different from vehicle (ANOVA+Dunnett Post-Hoc test).

FIG. 15: Effect of Baclofen and Acamprosate combination therapy againstglutamate toxicity on neuronal cortical cells Glutamate intoxication issignificantly prevented by the combination of Baclofen (400 nM) andAcamprosate (1.6 nM) whereas, at those concentrations, Baclofen andAcamprosate alone have no significant effect on intoxication. ⋄:p<0.001, significantly different from glutamate intoxication;(ANOVA+Dunnett Post-Hoc test).

FIG. 16: Effect of Donepezil, Acamprosate and Baclofen combinationtherapy on behaviour and cognitive performances as defined by Y-mazetest. The amyloid peptide produces a significant decrease in cognitionas measured by percentage of alternation (51.5% versus 71.8%). Thisdeleterious effect is significantly prevented (98% of protection) by thecombination of Donepezil (0.25 mg/kg/day), Acamprosate (32 μg/kg/day)and Baclofen (480 μg/kg/day), whereas at those concentrations drugsalone have no significant effect. ⋄: p<0.01, significantly differentfrom Aβ₂₅₋₃₅ intoxication; *: p<0.01, significantly different fromvehicle (ANOVA+Dunnett Post-Hoc test).

FIG. 17: Comparison of protective effect of Acamprosate and itsderivative Homotaurine pre-treatment in human Aβ₁₋₄₂ toxicity assays onrat primary cortical cells. Aβ₁₋₄₂ produces a significant intoxicationcompared to vehicle-treated neurons. The intoxication is equallysignificantly prevented by Homotaurine and Acamprosate (99%, 8 nM). ⋄:p<0.0001: significantly different from Aβ₁₋₄₂ intoxication.

FIG. 18: Effect of Acamprosate and Baclofen combination therapy on thedevelopment of chronic progressive experimental autoimmuneencephalomyelitis (EAE) as defined by clinical score. Immunizationinduces a significant decrease in physical features as measured byclinical score. This deleterious effect is significantly prevented(p-value<0.01) by the combination of Acamprosate (2 mg/kg/day) andBaclofen (30 mg/kg/day).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides new methods and compositions for treatingneurological disorders. The invention discloses novel drug combinationswhich allow an effective correction of such diseases and may be used inany mammalian subject.

The invention is suited for treating any neurological disorders, whethercentral or peripheral, particularly disorders wherein nerves or neuronsinjuries, βamyloid, BBB breakdown or glutamate excitotoxicity areinvolved. Specific examples of such disorders include neurodegenerativediseases, neuropathies, spinal cord injury, and substances abuse such asalcoholism.

Neurodegenerative disorders refer to diseases, such as Alzheimer's andrelated disorders, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), MultipleSclerosis (MS), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Huntington's Disease (HD),encompassing a progressive loss of function and death of neurons.

Neuropathies refer to conditions where nerves of the peripheral nervoussystem are damaged, this include damages of the peripheral nervoussystem provoked by genetic factors, inflammatory disease, or by chemicalsubstance including drugs (vincristine, oxaliplatin, ethyl alcohol). Thetreatment of neuropathies also includes the treatment of neuropathicpain.

The invention is particularly suited for treating AD and relateddisorders. In the context of this invention, the term “related disorder”includes senile dementia of AD type (SDAT), Lewis body dementia,vascular dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and age-associatedmemory impairment (AAMI).

As used herein, “treatment” includes the therapy, prevention,prophylaxis, retardation or reduction of symptoms provoked by or of thecauses of the above diseases or disorders. The term treatment includesin particular the control of disease progression and associatedsymptoms. The term treatment particularly includes a protection againstthe toxicity caused by Amyloid Beta, or a reduction or retardation ofsaid toxicity, and/or ii) a protection against glutamate excitotoxicity,or a reduction or retardation of said toxicity, in the treated subjects.The term treatment also designates an improvement of cognitive symptomor a protection of neuronal cells.

Within the context of this invention, the designation of a specific drugor compound is meant to include not only the specifically namedmolecule, but also any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate,derivative, isomer, racemate, conjugate, prodrug or derivative thereofof any chemical purity.

The term “combination or combinatorial treating/therapy” designates atreatment wherein at least Baclofen and Acamprosate are co-administeredto a subject to cause a biological effect. In a combined therapyaccording to this invention, the at least two drugs may be administeredtogether or separately, at the same time or sequentially. Also, the atleast Baclofen and Acamprosate may be administered through differentroutes and protocols. As a result, although they may be formulatedtogether, the drugs of a combination may also be formulated separately.

The term “prodrug” as used herein refers to any functional derivatives(or precursors) of a compound of the present invention, which, whenadministered to a biological system, generates said compound as a resultof e.g., spontaneous chemical reaction(s), enzyme catalysed chemicalreaction(s), and/or metabolic chemical reaction(s). Prodrugs are usuallyinactive or less active than the resulting drug and can be used, forexample, to improve the physicochemical properties of the drug, totarget the drug to a specific tissue, to improve the pharmacokinetic andpharmacodynamic properties of the drug and/or to reduce undesirable sideeffects. Some of the common functional groups that are amenable toprodrug design include, but are not limited to, carboxylic, hydroxyl,amine, phosphate/phosphonate and carbonyl groups. Prodrugs typicallyproduced via the modification of these groups include, but are notlimited to, esters, carbonates, carbamates, amides and phosphates.Specific technical guidance for the selection of suitable prodrugs isgeneral common knowledge (29-33). Furthermore, the preparation ofprodrugs may be performed by conventional methods known by those skilledin the art. Methods which can be used to synthesize other prodrugs aredescribed in numerous reviews on the subject (30; 34-40). For example,Arbaclofen Placarbil is listed in ChemID plus Advance database (website:chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/) and Arbaclofen Placarbil is awell-known prodrug of Baclofen (41-42).

The term “derivative” of a compound includes any molecule that isfunctionally and/or structurally related to said compound, such as anacid, amide, ester, ether, acetylated variant, hydroxylated variant, oran alkylated (C1-C6) variant of such a compound. The term derivativealso includes structurally related compound having lost one or moresubstituent as listed above. For example, Homotaurine is a deacetylatedderivative of Acamprosate. Preferred derivatives of a compound aremolecules having a substantial degree of similarity to said compound, asdetermined by known methods. Similar compounds along with their index ofsimilarity to a parent molecule can be found in numerous databases suchas PubChem (http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search/) or DrugBank (SeeWorldwide Website: http://www.drugbank.ca/). In a more preferredembodiment, derivatives should have a Tanimoto similarity index greaterthan 0.4, preferably greater than 0.5, more preferably greater than 0.6,even more preferably greater than 0.7 with a parent drug. The Tanimotosimilarity index is widely used to measure the degree of structuralsimilarity between two molecules. Tanimoto similarity index can becomputed by software such as the Small Molecule Subgraph Detector(43-44) available online (See Worldwide Website:http://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/software/SMSD/). Preferred derivativesshould be both structurally and functionally related to a parentcompound, i.e., they should also retain at least part of the activity ofthe parent drug, more preferably they should have a protective activityagainst Aβ or glutamate toxicity.

The term derivatives also include metabolites of a drug, e.g., amolecule which results from the (biochemical) modification(s) orprocessing of said drug after administration to an organism, usuallythrough specialized enzymatic systems, and which displays or retains abiological activity of the drug. Metabolites have been disclosed asbeing responsible for much of the therapeutic action of the parent drug.In a specific embodiment, a “metabolite” as used herein designates amodified or processed drug that retains at least part of the activity ofthe parent drug; preferably that has a protective activity against Aβtoxicity or glutamate toxicity.

The term “salt” refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable and relativelynon-toxic, inorganic or organic acid addition salt of a compound of thepresent invention. Pharmaceutical salt formation consists in pairing anacidic, basic or zwitterionic drug molecule with a counterion to createa salt version of the drug. A wide variety of chemical species can beused in neutralization reaction. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts ofthe invention thus include those obtained by reacting the main compound,functioning as a base, with an inorganic or organic acid to form a salt,for example, salts of acetic acid, nitric acid, tartric acid,hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, methane sulfonicacid, camphor sulfonic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid orcitric acid. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the invention alsoinclude those in which the main compound functions as an acid and isreacted with an appropriate base to form, e.g., sodium, potassium,calcium, magnesium, ammonium, or choline salts. Though most of salts ofa given active principle are bioequivalents, some may have, amongothers, increased solubility or bioavailability properties. Saltselection is now a common standard operation in the process of drugdevelopment as teached by H. Stahl and C. G Wermuth in their handbook(45).

In a preferred embodiment, the designation of a compound is meant todesignate the compound per se, as well as any pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, hydrate, isomer, racemate, ester or ether thereof.

In a more preferred embodiment, the designation of a compound is meantto designate the compound as specifically designated per se, as well asany pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In a particular embodiment, a sustained-release formulation of thecompound is used.

As discussed above, the invention relates to particular drugcombinations which have a strong unexpected effect on several biologicalprocesses involved in neurological disorders. These drug combinationstherefore represent novel approaches for treating neurologicaldisorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and related disorders, MultipleSclerosis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Parkinson's disease,Huntington's Disease, neuropathies (for instance neuropathic pain oralcoholic neuropathy), alcoholism or alcohol withdrawal, and spinal cordinjury. More specifically, the invention discloses compositions,comprising Baclofen in combination with Acamprosate, which provide asignificant effect in vivo on neurological disorders.

Indeed, the invention shows, in the experimental part, that combinationtherapies comprising Baclofen and Acamprosate can substantially improvethe condition of patients afflicted with neurological disorders. Inparticular, the inventors have surprisingly discovered that Baclofen andAcamprosate combinations have a strong, unexpected effect on the lengthof capillary network or LDH release in beta-amyloid intoxicated nervouscells, and represent new therapeutic approaches of AD. Also, theexamples show that, in a combination therapy of the invention, Baclofenmay be effective at a dose of 80 nM or less, and that Acamprosate may beeffective at a dose of 1 nM or less. These results are remarkable andparticularly advantageous since, at such low doses, any possible sideeffects are avoided.

Furthermore, these combinations effectively protect neuronal cells fromvarious afflictions such as glutamate toxicity, oxidative stress andprevent BBB permeabilization or neuronal cells induced apoptosis whichare involved in several neurological disorders.

The present invention therefore proposes a novel therapy of neurologicaldisorders, based on Baclofen and Acamprosate compositions. Moreparticularly, the present invention therefore proposes a novel therapyof Alzheimer's disease and related disorders, Multiple Sclerosis,Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington'sDisease, neuropathies (for instance neuropathic pain or alcoholicneuropathy), alcoholism or alcohol withdrawal, and spinal cord injury,based on Baclofen and Acamprosate combinations.

In this regard, in a particular embodiment, the invention relates to acomposition comprising Baclofen and Acamprosate.

In a further embodiment, the invention relates to a compositioncomprising Baclofen and Acamprosate for use in the treatment of AD, ADrelated disorders, MS, PD, ALS, HD, neuropathies (for instanceneuropathic pain or alcoholic neuropathy), alcoholism or alcoholwithdrawal, or spinal cord injury.

In a further embodiment, the invention relates to the use of Baclofenand Acamprosate for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment ofAD, AD related disorders, MS, PD, ALS, HD, neuropathies (for instanceneuropathic pain or alcoholic neuropathy), alcoholism or alcoholwithdrawal, or spinal cord injury.

Illustrative CAS numbers for Baclofen and Acamprosate are provided inTable 1 below. Table 1 cites also, in a non-limitative way, commonsalts, racemates, prodrugs, metabolites or derivatives for thesecompounds used in the compositions of the invention.

TABLE 1 Class or Tanimoto Drug CAS Numbers similarity index Acamprosateand related compounds Acamprosate 77337-76-9; 77337-73-6 NA Homotaurine3687-18-1 0.73 Ethyl Dimethyl Ammonio / 0.77 Propane Sulfonate Taurine107-35-7 0.5 Baclofen and related compounds Baclofen 1134-47-0;66514-99-6; NA 69308-37-8; 70206-22-3; 63701-56-4; 63701-55-33-(p-chlorophenyl)-4- / Metabolite hydroxybutyric acid Arbaclofenplacarbil 847353-30-4 Prodrug

Specific examples of prodrugs of Baclofen are given in Hanafi et al.,2011 (41), particularly Baclofen esters and Baclofen ester carbamates,which are of particular interest for CNS targeting. Hence such prodrugsare particularly suitable for compositions of this invention. Baclofenplacarbil as mentioned before is also a well-known prodrug and may thusbe used instead of Baclofen in compositions of the invention. Otherprodrugs of Baclofen can be found in the following patent applications:WO2010102071, US2009197958, WO2009096985, WO2009061934, WO2008086492,US2009216037, WO2005066122, US2011021571, WO2003077902, andWO2010120370.

Useful prodrugs for acamprosate such as pantoic acid ester neopentylsulfonyl esters, neopentyl sulfonyl esters prodrugs or maskedcarboxylate neopentyl sulfonyl ester prodrugs of acamprosate are notablylisted in WO2009033069, WO2009033061, WO2009033054 WO2009052191,WO2009033079, US 2009/0099253, US 2009/0069419, US 2009/0082464, US2009/0082440, and US 2009/0076147.

Baclofen and Acamprosate may be used alone or may be further combinedwith additional compounds. In this regard, in a particular embodiment,the compositions of the invention may further comprise at least onecompound selected from Sulfisoxazole, Methimazole, Prilocalne,Dyphylline, Quinacrine, Carbenoxolone, Aminocaproic acid, Cabergoline,Diethylcarbamazine, Cinacalcet, Cinnarizine, Eplerenone, Fenoldopam,Leflunomide, Levosimendan, Sulodexide, Terbinafine, Zonisamide,Etomidate, Phenformin, Trimetazidine, Mexiletine, Ifenprodil,Moxifloxacin, Bromocriptine or Torasemide. Illustrative CAS numbers foreach of these compounds are provided in Table 2 below:

TABLE 2 DRUG NAME CAS NUMBER Aminocaproic Acid 60-32-2 Bromocriptine25614-03-3 Cabergoline 81409-90-7 Carbenoxolone 5697-56-3 Cinacalcet226256-56-0 Cinnarizine 298-57-7 Diethylcarbamazine 90-89-1 Dyphylline479-18-5 Eplerenone 107724-20-9 Etomidate 33125-97-2 Fenoldopam67227-57-0 Ifenprodil 23210-56-2 or 23210-58-4 Leflunomide 75706-12-6Levosimendan 141505-33-1 Methimazole 60-56-0 Mexiletine 5370-01-4 or31828-71-4 Moxifloxacin 354812-41-2 Phenformin 114-86-3 Prilocaine721-50-6 or 14289-31-7 or 14289-32-8 Quinacrine 83-89-6 Sulfisoxazole127-69-5 Sulodexide 57821-29-1 Terbinafine 91161-71-6 Torasemide56211-40-6 or 72810-59-4 Trimetazidine 5011-34-7 or 13171-25-0Zonisamide 68291-97-4

In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use of thiscombination for treating AD or a related disorder in a subject in needthereof.

In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use of thiscombination for treating MS, PD, ALS, HD, neuropathies (for instanceneuropathic pain or alcoholic neuropathy), alcoholism or alcoholwithdrawal, or spinal cord injury, in a subject in need thereof.

As disclosed in the examples, composition therapies using at leastBaclofen and Acamprosate have a strong unexpected effect on biologicalprocesses leading to neuronal injuries. Furthermore, these combinationsalso showed in vivo a very efficient ability to correct symptoms ofneurological diseases. These combinations therefore represent novelapproaches for treating neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer'sdisease, Multiple Sclerosis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Parkinson'sDisease, Huntington's Disease, neuropathies (for instance neuropathicpain or alcoholic neuropathy), alcoholism or alcohol withdrawal, andspinal cord injury. These compositions efficiently prevent toxicity ofamyloid β (Aβ) peptide or glutamate excitotoxicity on neuronal cells.Moreover, in vivo, these compositions lead to an improvement of severalcognitive symptoms as well as to a protection of neuronal cells. Hencethey represent novel and potent methods for treating such disorders.

The experimental section further shows that the above mentionedcompositions are also efficient i) in synergistically protecting invitro neuronal cells from glutamate excitotoxicity, and ii) inconferring clinical benefit in in vivo models for diseases related toglutamate excitotoxicity.

The compositions of the invention may comprise 2, 3, 4 or 5 distinctdrugs, more preferably 2, 3 or 4 distinct drugs for combinatorialtreatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), AD related disorders, MS, PD,ALS, HD, neuropathies (for instance neuropathic pain or alcoholicneuropathy), alcoholism or alcohol withdrawal, or spinal cord injury ina subject in need thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the drugs of theinvention are used in combination(s) for combined, separate orsequential administration, in order to provide the most effectiveeffect.

Preferred compositions of the invention, for use in the treatment of aneurological disorder such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), AD relateddisorders, MS, PD, ALS, HD, neuropathies (for instance neuropathic painor alcoholic neuropathy), alcoholism or alcohol withdrawal, or spinalcord injury, comprise one of the following drug combinations, forcombined, separate or sequential administration:

-   -   Baclofen and Acamprosate,    -   Baclofen and Acamprosate and Diethylcarbamazine,    -   Baclofen and Acamprosate and Cinacalcet,    -   Baclofen and Acamprosate and Sulfisoxazole,    -   Baclofen and Acamprosate and Torasemide,    -   Baclofen and Acamprosate and Ifenprodil,    -   Baclofen and Acamprosate and Mexiletine,    -   Baclofen and Acamprosate and Eplerenone,    -   Baclofen and Acamprosate and Levosimendan,    -   Baclofen and Acamprosate and Terbinafine, or    -   Baclofen and Acamprosate and Leflunomide.

As disclosed in the experimental section, combinatorial therapies of theinvention provide substantial therapeutic and biological effect toimprove Alzheimer's disease or related disorders in human subjects. Theyinduce a strong neuroprotective effect against Aβ toxicity and givepositive results in behavioural performances and biochemical assays invivo. Results show that compositions of the invention i) efficientlycorrect molecular pathways triggered, in vivo, by Aβ aggregates and ii)lead to an improvement of neurophysiological impairments observed indiseased animals as neuron survival or synapse integrity.

Moreover, the results presented show also that the above combinationstherapies have an important synergistic neuroprotecting effect againstglutamate excitotoxicity (FIG. 15) a pathway which is implicated invarious neurological diseases as AD, MS, PD, ALS, HD, neuropathies (forinstance neuropathic pain or alcoholic neuropathy), alcoholism oralcohol withdrawal, or spinal cord injury. These therapies give positiveresults in in vivo or in vitro models for these diseases.

In addition, in vivo results show that compositions of the inventionefficiently restore Brain Blood Barrier integrity and prevent, retard,or lessen apoptosis triggering, which are known to be impaired inseveral neurological diseases.

Furthermore, the particularly high synergisitic interaction observed forthese two drugs allows the use drug concentrations showing no effectwhen used in single drug treatment. Moreover, as shown in theexperimental section, Baclofen and Acamprosate combination causes anenhanced therapeutic benefit on Alzheimer's disease compared to othertherapeutic combinations. These compositions efficiently prevent thetoxic effects of amyloid β protein or peptide on human cells and in anin vivo model and represent novel and potent methods for treating suchdisorder.

An object of this invention thus also resides in a composition asdefined above for treating a neurological disorder such as Alzheimer'sdisease (AD), AD related disorders, MS, PD, ALS, HD, neuropathies (forinstance alcoholic neuropathy or neuropathic pain), alcoholism oralcohol withdrawal, or spinal cord injury.

As indicated previously, in a combination therapy of this invention, thecompounds or drugs may be formulated together or separately, andadministered together, separately or sequentially.

A further object of this invention resides in the use of a compositionas defined above for the manufacture of a medicament for treating aneurological disorder such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), AD relateddisorders, MS, PD, ALS, HD, neuropathies (for instance neuropathic painor alcoholic neuropathy), alcoholism or alcohol withdrawal, or spinalcord injury.

The invention further provides a method for treating a neurologicaldisorder such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), AD related disorders, MS, PD,ALS, HD, neuropathies (for instance neuropathic pain or alcoholicneuropathy), alcoholism or alcohol withdrawal, or spinal cord injury,comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effectiveamount of a composition as disclosed above.

A further object of the invention is a method of treating a neurologicaldisorder such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), AD related disorders, MS, PD,ALS, HD, neuropathies (for instance neuropathic pain or alcoholicneuropathy), alcoholism or alcohol withdrawal, or spinal cord injury,the method comprising simultaneously, separately or sequentiallyadministering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of acomposition as disclosed above.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treatinga neurological disorder such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), AD relateddisorders, MS, PD, ALS, HD, neuropathies (for instance neuropathic painor alcoholic neuropathy), alcoholism or alcohol withdrawal, or spinalcord injury in a subject in need thereof, comprising administeringsimultaneously, separately or sequentially to the subject an effectiveamount of Baclofen and Acamprosate.

The compositions of the invention typically comprise one or severalpharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients. Also, for use in thepresent invention, the drugs or compounds are usually mixed withpharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers.

In this regard, a further object of this invention is a method ofpreparing a pharmaceutical composition, the method comprising mixing theabove compounds in an appropriate excipient or carrier.

In a particular embodiment, the method comprises mixing Baclofen andAcamprosate in an appropriate excipient or carrier.

According to preferred embodiments of the invention, as indicated above,the compounds are used as such or in the form of a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, prodrug, derivative, or sustained release formulationthereof.

Although very effective in vitro and in vivo, depending on the subjector specific condition, the combination therapy of the invention mayfurther be used in conjunction or association or combination withadditional drugs or treatments beneficial to the treated neurologicalcondition in the subjects.

Other therapies used in conjunction with drug(s) or drug(s)combination(s) according to the present invention, may comprise one ormore drug(s) that ameliorate symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, an ADrelated disorder, MS, PD, ALS, HD, neuropathies (for instanceneuropathic pain or alcoholic neuropathy), alcoholism or alcoholwithdrawal, or spinal cord injury, or drug(s) that could be used forpalliative treatment of these disorders. For instance, results show alsothat the above combinations therapies have an important synergisticneuroprotecting effect when combined with donepezil (FIG. 16). Thereby,illustrative therapies which can be used with combinations of theinvention are Donepezil (CAS: 120014-06-4), Gabapentine (CAS:478296-72-9; 60142-96-3), Rivastigmine (123441-03-2) or Memantine (CAS:19982-08-2).

In this regard, in a particular embodiment, the drug(s) or compositionsaccording to the present invention may be further combined with GinkgoBiloba extracts. Suitable extracts include, without limitation, Ginkgobiloba extracts, improved Ginkgo biloba extracts (for example enrichedin active ingredients or lessened in contaminant) or any drug containingGinkgo biloba extracts.

Therapy according to the invention may be provided at home, the doctor'soffice, a clinic, a hospital's outpatient department, or a hospital, sothat the doctor can observe the therapy's effects closely and make anyadjustments that are needed.

The duration of the therapy depends on the stage of the disease beingtreated, age and condition of the patient, and how the patient respondsto the treatment. The dosage, frequency and mode of administration ofeach component of the combination can be controlled independently. Forexample, one drug may be administered orally while the second drug maybe administered intramuscularly. Combination therapy may be given inon-and-off cycles that include rest periods so that the patient's bodyhas a chance to recovery from any as yet unforeseen side-effects. Thedrugs may also be formulated together such that one administrationdelivers all drugs.

The administration of each drug of the combination may be by anysuitable means that result in a concentration of the drug that, combinedwith the other component, is able to ameliorate the patient condition orefficiently treat the disease or disorder.

While it is possible for the drugs the combination to be administered asthe pure chemical it is preferable to present them as a pharmaceuticalcomposition, also referred to in this context as pharmaceuticalformulation. Possible compositions include those suitable for oral,rectal, topical (including transdermal, buccal and sublingual), orparenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous andintradermal) administration.

More commonly these pharmaceutical formulations are prescribed to thepatient in “patient packs” containing a number dosing units or othermeans for administration of metered unit doses for use during a distincttreatment period in a single package, usually a blister pack. Patientpacks have an advantage over traditional prescriptions, where apharmacist divides a patient's supply of a pharmaceutical from a bulksupply, in that the patient always has access to the package insertcontained in the patient pack, normally missing in traditionalprescriptions. The inclusion of a package insert has been shown toimprove patient compliance with the physician's instructions. Thus, theinvention further includes a pharmaceutical formulation, as hereinbefore described, in combination with packaging material suitable forsaid formulations. In such a patient pack the intended use of aformulation for the combination treatment can be inferred byinstructions, facilities, provisions, adaptations and/or other means tohelp using the formulation most suitably for the treatment. Suchmeasures make a patient pack specifically suitable for and adapted foruse for treatment with the combination of the present invention.

The drug may be contained, in any appropriate amount, in any suitablecarrier substance. The drug may be present in an amount of up to 99% byweight of the total weight of the composition. The composition may beprovided in a dosage form that is suitable for the oral, parenteral(e.g., intravenously, intramuscularly), rectal, cutaneous, nasal,vaginal, inhalant, skin (patch), or ocular administration route. Thus,the composition may be in the form of, e.g., tablets, capsules, pills,powders, granulates, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, gels includinghydrogels, pastes, ointments, creams, plasters, drenches, osmoticdelivery devices, suppositories, enemas, injectables, implants, sprays,or aerosols. The pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated accordingto conventional pharmaceutical practice (see, e.g., Remington: TheScience and Practice of Pharmacy (20th ed.), ed. A. R. Gennaro,Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000 and Encyclopedia of PharmaceuticalTechnology, eds. J. Swarbrick and J. C. Boylan, 1988-1999, MarcelDekker, New York).

Pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may be formulatedto release the active drug substantially immediately upon administrationor at any predetermined time or time period after administration.

The controlled release formulations include (i) formulations that createa substantially constant concentration of the drug within the body overan extended period of time; (ii) formulations that after a predeterminedlag time create a substantially constant concentration of the drugwithin the body over an extended period of time; (iii) formulations thatsustain drug action during a predetermined time period by maintaining arelatively, constant, effective drug level in the body with concomitantminimization of undesirable side effects associated with fluctuations inthe plasma level of the active drug substance; (iv) formulations thatlocalize drug action by, e.g., spatial placement of a controlled releasecomposition adjacent to or in the diseased tissue or organ; and (v)formulations that target drug action by using carriers or chemicalderivatives to deliver the drug to a particular target cell type.

Administration of drugs in the form of a controlled release formulationis especially preferred in cases in which the drug has (i) a narrowtherapeutic index (i.e., the difference between the plasma concentrationleading to harmful side effects or toxic reactions and the plasmaconcentration leading to a therapeutic effect is small; in general, thetherapeutic index, TI, is defined as the ratio of median lethal dose(LD50) to median effective dose (ED50)); (ii) a narrow absorption windowin the gastro-intestinal tract; or (iii) a very short biologicalhalf-life so that frequent dosing during a day is required in order tosustain the plasma level at a therapeutic level.

Any of a number of strategies can be pursued in order to obtaincontrolled release in which the rate of release outweighs the rate ofmetabolism of the drug in question. Controlled release may be obtainedby appropriate selection of various formulation parameters andingredients, including, e.g., various types of controlled releasecompositions and coatings. Thus, the drug is formulated with appropriateexcipients into a pharmaceutical composition that, upon administration,releases the drug in a controlled manner (single or multiple unit tabletor capsule compositions, oil solutions, suspensions, emulsions,microcapsules, microspheres, nanoparticles, patches, and liposomes).

Solid Dosage Forms for Oral Use

Formulations for oral use include tablets containing the composition ofthe invention in a mixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptableexcipients. These excipients may be, for example, inert diluents orfillers (e.g., sucrose, microcrystalline cellulose, starches includingpotato starch, calcium carbonate, sodium chloride, calcium phosphate,calcium sulfate, or sodium phosphate); granulating and disintegratingagents (e.g., cellulose derivatives including microcrystallinecellulose, starches including potato starch, croscarmellose sodium,alginates, or alginic acid); binding agents (e.g., acacia, alginic acid,sodium alginate, gelatin, starch, pregelatinized starch, microcrystalline cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, methylcellulose,hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, orpolyethylene glycol); and lubricating agents, glidants, andantiadhesives (e.g., stearic acid, silicas, or talc). Otherpharmaceutically acceptable excipients can be colorants, flavoringagents, plasticizers, humectants, buffering agents, and the like.

The tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques,optionally to delay disintegration and absorption in thegastrointestinal tract and thereby providing a sustained action over alonger period. The coating may be adapted to release the active drugsubstance in a predetermined pattern (e.g., in order to achieve acontrolled release formulation) or it may be adapted not to release theactive drug substance until after passage of the stomach (entericcoating). The coating may be a sugar coating, a film coating (e.g.,based on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose, methylhydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose,acrylate copolymers, polyethylene glycols and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone),or an enteric coating (e.g., based on methacrylic acid copolymer,cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate,hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, polyvinyl acetatephthalate, shellac, and/or ethylcellulose). A time delay material suchas, e.g., glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate may be employed.

The solid tablet compositions may include a coating adapted to protectthe composition from unwanted chemical changes, (e.g., chemicaldegradation prior to the release of the active drug substance). Thecoating may be applied on the solid dosage form in a similar manner asthat described in Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology.

Drugs may be mixed together in the tablet, or may be partitioned. Forexample, a first drug is contained on the inside of the tablet, and asecond drug is on the outside, such that a substantial portion of thesecond drug is released prior to the release of the first drug.

Formulations for oral use may also be presented as chewable tablets, oras hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with aninert solid diluent (e.g., potato starch, microcrystalline cellulose,calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin), or as soft gelatincapsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oilmedium, for example, liquid paraffin, or olive oil. Powders andgranulates may be prepared using the ingredients mentioned above undertablets and capsules in a conventional manner.

Controlled release compositions for oral use may, e.g., be constructedto release the active drug by controlling the dissolution and/or thediffusion of the active drug substance.

Dissolution or diffusion controlled release can be achieved byappropriate coating of a tablet, capsule, pellet, or granulateformulation of drugs, or by incorporating the drug into an appropriatematrix. A controlled release coating may include one or more of thecoating substances mentioned above and/or, e.g., shellac, beeswax,glycowax, castor wax, carnauba wax, stearyl alcohol, glycerylmonostearate, glyceryl distearate, glycerol palmitostearate,ethylcellulose, acrylic resins, dl-polylactic acid, cellulose acetatebutyrate, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, vinyl pyrrolidone,polyethylene, polymethacrylate, methylmethacrylate,2-hydroxymethacrylate, methacrylate hydrogels, 1,3 butylene glycol,ethylene glycol methacrylate, and/or polyethylene glycols. In acontrolled release matrix formulation, the matrix material may alsoinclude, e.g., hydrated methylcellulose, carnauba wax and stearylalcohol, carbopol 934, silicone, glyceryl tristearate, methylacrylate-methyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, and/orhalogenated fluorocarbon.

A controlled release composition containing one or more of the drugs ofthe claimed combinations may also be in the form of a buoyant tablet orcapsule (i.e., a tablet or capsule that, upon oral administration,floats on top of the gastric content for a certain period of time). Abuoyant tablet formulation of the drug(s) can be prepared by granulatinga mixture of the drug(s) with excipients and 20-75% w/w ofhydrocolloids, such as hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, orhydroxypropylmethylcellulose. The obtained granules can then becompressed into tablets. On contact with the gastric juice, the tabletforms a substantially water-impermeable gel barrier around its surface.This gel barrier takes part in maintaining a density of less than one,thereby allowing the tablet to remain buoyant in the gastric juice.

Liquids for Oral Administration

Powders, dispersible powders, or granules suitable for preparation of anaqueous suspension by addition of water are convenient dosage forms fororal administration. Formulation as a suspension provides the activeingredient in a mixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspendingagent, and one or more preservatives. Suitable suspending agents are,for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, sodiumalginate, and the like.

Parenteral Compositions

The pharmaceutical composition may also be administered parenterally byinjection, infusion or implantation (intravenous, intramuscular,subcutaneous, or the like) in dosage forms, formulations, or viasuitable delivery devices or implants containing conventional, non-toxicpharmaceutically acceptable carriers and adjuvants. The formulation andpreparation of such compositions are well known to those skilled in theart of pharmaceutical formulation.

Compositions for parenteral use may be provided in unit dosage forms(e.g., in single-dose ampoules), or in vials containing several dosesand in which a suitable preservative may be added (see below). Thecomposition may be in form of a solution, a suspension, an emulsion, aninfusion device, or a delivery device for implantation or it may bepresented as a dry powder to be reconstituted with water or anothersuitable vehicle before use. Apart from the active drug(s), thecomposition may include suitable parenterally acceptable carriers and/orexcipients. The active drug(s) may be incorporated into microspheres,microcapsules, nanoparticles, liposomes, or the like for controlledrelease. The composition may include suspending, solubilizing,stabilizing, pH-adjusting agents, and/or dispersing agents.

The pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may be in theform suitable for sterile injection. To prepare such a composition, thesuitable active drug(s) are dissolved or suspended in a parenterallyacceptable liquid vehicle. Among acceptable vehicles and solvents thatmay be employed are water, water adjusted to a suitable pH by additionof an appropriate amount of hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide or asuitable buffer, 1,3-butanediol, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodiumchloride solution. The aqueous formulation may also contain one or morepreservatives (e.g., methyl, ethyl or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate). Incases where one of the drugs is only sparingly or slightly soluble inwater, a dissolution enhancing or solubilizing agent can be added, orthe solvent may include 10-60% w/w of propylene glycol or the like.

Controlled release parenteral compositions may be in form of aqueoussuspensions, microspheres, microcapsules, magnetic microspheres, oilsolutions, oil suspensions, or emulsions. Alternatively, the activedrug(s) may be incorporated in biocompatible carriers, liposomes,nanoparticles, implants, or infusion devices. Materials for use in thepreparation of microspheres and/or microcapsules are, e.g.,biodegradable/bioerodible polymers such as polygalactin, poly-(isobutylcyanoacrylate), poly(2-hydroxyethyl-L-glutamine). Biocompatible carriersthat may be used when formulating a controlled release parenteralformulation are carbohydrates (e.g., dextrans), proteins (e.g.,albumin), lipoproteins, or antibodies. Materials for use in implants canbe non-biodegradable (e.g., polydimethyl siloxane) or biodegradable(e.g., poly(caprolactone), poly(glycolic acid) or poly(ortho esters)).

Alternative Routes

Although less preferred and less convenient, other administrationroutes, and therefore other formulations, may be contemplated. In thisregard, for rectal application, suitable dosage forms for a compositioninclude suppositories (emulsion or suspension type), and rectal gelatincapsules (solutions or suspensions). In a typical suppositoryformulation, the active drug(s) are combined with an appropriatepharmaceutically acceptable suppository base such as cocoa butter,esterified fatty acids, glycerinated gelatin, and various water-solubleor dispersible bases like polyethylene glycols. Various additives,enhancers, or surfactants may be incorporated.

The pharmaceutical compositions may also be administered topically onthe skin for percutaneous absorption in dosage forms or formulationscontaining conventionally non-toxic pharmaceutical acceptable carriersand excipients including microspheres and liposomes. The formulationsinclude creams, ointments, lotions, liniments, gels, hydrogels,solutions, suspensions, sticks, sprays, pastes, plasters, and otherkinds of transdermal drug delivery systems. The pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers or excipients may include emulsifying agents,antioxidants, buffering agents, preservatives, humectants, penetrationenhancers, chelating agents, gel-forming agents, ointment bases,perfumes, and skin protective agents.

The preservatives, humectants, penetration enhancers may be parabens,such as methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, and benzalkonium chloride,glycerin, propylene glycol, urea, etc.

The pharmaceutical compositions described above for topicaladministration on the skin may also be used in connection with topicaladministration onto or close to the part of the body that is to betreated. The compositions may be adapted for direct application or forapplication by means of special drug delivery devices such as dressingsor alternatively plasters, pads, sponges, strips, or other forms ofsuitable flexible material.

Dosages and Duration of the Treatment

It will be appreciated that the drugs of the combination may beadministered concomitantly, either in the same or differentpharmaceutical formulation or sequentially. If there is sequentialadministration, the delay in administering the second (or additional)active ingredient should not be such as to lose the benefit of theefficacious effect of the combination of the active ingredients. Aminimum requirement for a combination according to this description isthat the combination should be intended for combined use with thebenefit of the efficacious effect of the combination of the activeingredients. The intended use of a combination can be inferred byfacilities, provisions, adaptations and/or other means to help using thecombination according to the invention.

Therapeutically effective amounts of the drugs in a combination of thisinvention include, e.g., amounts that are effective for reducingAlzheimer's disease symptoms, halting or slowing the progression of thedisease once it has become clinically manifest, or prevention orreduction of the risk of developing the disease.

Although the active drugs of the present invention may be administeredin divided doses, for example two or three times daily, a single dailydose of each drug in the combination is preferred, with a single dailydose of all drugs in a single pharmaceutical composition (unit dosageform) being most preferred.

Administration can be one to several times daily for several days toseveral years, and may even be for the life of the patient. Chronic orat least periodically repeated long-term administration is indicated inmost cases.

The term “unit dosage form” refers to physically discrete units (such ascapsules, tablets, or loaded syringe cylinders) suitable as unitarydosages for human subjects, each unit containing a predeterminedquantity of active material or materials calculated to produce thedesired therapeutic effect, in association with the requiredpharmaceutical carrier.

The amount of each drug in a preferred unit dosage composition dependsupon several factors including the administration method, the bodyweight and the age of the patient, the stage of the disease, the risk ofpotential side effects considering the general health status of theperson to be treated. Additionally, pharmacogenomic (the effect ofgenotype on the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic or efficacy profile ofa therapeutic) information about a particular patient may affect thedosage used.

Except when responding to especially impairing cases, where higherdosages may be required, the preferred dosage of each drug in thecombination will usually lie within the range of doses not above thedosage usually prescribed for long-term maintenance treatment or provento be safe in phase 3 clinical studies.

One remarkable advantage of the invention is that each compound may beused at low doses in a combination therapy, while producing, incombination, a substantial clinical benefit to the patient. Thecombination therapy may indeed be effective at doses where the compoundshave individually low or no effect. Accordingly, a particular advantageof the invention lies in the ability to use sub-optimal doses of eachcompound, i.e., doses which are lower than therapeutic doses usuallyprescribed, preferably ½ of therapeutic doses, more preferably ⅓, ¼, ⅕,or even more preferably 1/10 of therapeutic doses. In particularexamples, doses as low as 1/20, 1/30, 1/50, 1/100, or even lower, oftherapeutic doses are used.

At such sub-therapeutic dosages, the compounds would exhibit no sideeffect, while the combination(s) according to the invention are fullyeffective in treating Alzheimer's disease.

A preferred dosage corresponds to amounts from 1% up to 50% of thoseusually prescribed for long-term maintenance treatment.

The most preferred dosage may correspond to amounts from 1% up to 10% ofthose usually prescribed for long-term maintenance treatment.

Specific examples of dosages of drugs for use in the invention areprovided below:

-   -   Acamprosate between 1 and 1000 mg/day, preferably less than 400        mg per day, more preferably less than 200 mg/day, even more        preferably less than 50 mg/day, such dosages being particularly        suitable for oral administration.    -   Baclofen between 0.01 to 150 mg per day, preferably less than        100 mg per day, more preferably less than 50 mg/day, even more        preferably less than 25 mg/day, such dosages being particularly        suitable for oral administration.    -   Aminocaproic Acid orally from about 0.1 g to 2.4 g per day,    -   Bromocriptine orally from about 0.01 to 10 mg per day,    -   Diethylcarbamazine orally from about 0.6 to 600 mg per day,    -   Cabergoline orally from about 1 to 10 μg per day,    -   Cinacalcet orally from about 0.3 to 36 mg per day,    -   Cinnarizine orally from about 0.6 to 23 mg per day,    -   Dyphylline orally from about 9 to 320 mg per day,    -   Eplerenone orally from about 0.25 to 10 mg per day,    -   Ifenprodil orally from about 0.4 to 6 mg per day,    -   Leflunomide orally from about 0.1 to 10 mg per day,    -   Levosimendan orally from about 0.04 to 0.8 mg per day,    -   Mexiletine orally from about 6 to 120 mg per day,    -   Moxifloxacin orally from about 4 to 40 mg per day,    -   Phenformin orally from about 0.25 to 15 mg per day,    -   Quinacrine orally from about 1 to 30 mg per day,    -   Sulfisoxazole orally from about 20 to 800 mg per day,    -   Sulodexide orally from about 0.05 to 40 mg per day,    -   Terbinafine orally from about 2.5 to 25 mg per day,    -   Torasemide orally from about 0.05 to 4 mg per day,    -   Trimetazidine orally from about 0.4 to 6 mg per day,    -   Zonisamide orally from about 0.5 to 50 mg per day.

When the composition comprises, as active ingredient, only Baclofen andAcamprosate, these two compounds may be used in different ratios, e.g.,at a weight ratio Acamprosate/Baclofen comprised between from 0.05 to1000 (W:W), preferably between 0.05 to 100 (W:W), more preferablybetween 0.05 to 50 (W:W).

It will be understood that the amount of the drug actually administeredwill be determined by a physician, in the light of the relevantcircumstances including the condition or conditions to be treated, theexact composition to be administered, the age, weight, and response ofthe individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and thechosen route of administration. Therefore, the above dosage ranges areintended to provide general guidance and support for the teachingsherein, but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

The following examples are given for purposes of illustration and not byway of limitation.

EXAMPLES

The care and husbandry of animals as well as the experimentations areperformed according to the guidelines of the Committee for Research andEthical Issue of the I.A.S.P. (1983).

A) Treatment of Diseases Related to Aβ Toxicity

In this series of experiments, candidate combinations have been testedfor their ability to prevent or reduce the toxic effects of humanAβ₁₋₄₂. Aβ₁₋₄₂ is the full length peptide that constitutes aggregatesfound in biopsies from human patients afflicted with AD. The effect isdetermined on various cell types, to further document the activity ofthe combinations in in vitro models which illustrate differentphysiological features of AD. In vivo studies are also performed in amouse model for AD confirming this protective effect by evaluating theeffect of the combinations on i) the cognitive performance of animalsand ii) on molecular hallmarks (apoptosis induction, oxidative stressinduction, inflammation pathway induction) of AD.

I. Baclofen-Acamprosate Combination Therapies Prevent Toxicity Of HumanAβ₁₋₄₂ In VVitro

I.1 Effect on the Toxicity of Human Aβ₁₋₄₂ Peptide on Human HBME Cells.

Human brain microvascular endothelial cell cultures were used to studythe protection afforded by candidate compound(s) on Aβ₁₋₄₂ toxicity.

Human brain microvascular endothelial cerebral cells (HBMEC, ScienCellRef: 1000, frozen at passage 10) were rapidly thawed in a waterbath at+37° C. The supernatant was immediately put in 9 ml Dulbecco's modifiedEagle's medium (DMEM; Pan Biotech ref: P04-03600) containing 10% offoetal calf serum (FCS; GIBCO ref 10270-106). Cell suspension wascentrifuged at 180×g for 10 min at +4° C. and the pellets were suspendedin CSC serum-free medium (CSC serum free, Cell System, Ref:SF-4Z0-500-R, Batch 51407-4) with 1.6% of Serum free RocketFuel (CellSystem, Ref: SF-4Z0-500-R, Batch 54102), 2% of Penicillin 10.000 U/mland Streptomycin 10 mg/ml (PS; Pan Biotech ref: P06-07100 batch133080808) and were seeded at the density of 20 000 cells per well in 96well-plates (matrigel layer biocoat angiogenesis system, BD, Ref 354150,Batch A8662) in a final volume of 100 μl. On matrigel support,endothelial cerebral cells spontaneously started the process ofcapillary network morphogenesis (33).

Three separate cultures were performed per condition, 6 wells percondition.

Test Compounds and Human Amyloid-β₁₋₄₂ Treatment

Briefly, Aβ₁₋₄₂ peptide (Bachem, ref: H1368 batch 1010533) wasreconstituted in define culture medium at 20 μM (mother solution) andwas slowly shacked at +37° C. for 3 days in dark. The control medium wasprepared in the same conditions.

After 3 days, human amyloid peptide was used on HBMEC at 2.5 μM dilutedin control medium (optimal incubation time). The Aβ₁₋₄₂ peptide wasadded 2 hours after HBMEC seeding on matrigel for 18 hours incubation.

One hour after HBMEC seeding on matrigel, test compounds and VEGF-165were solved in culture medium (+0.1% DMSO) and then pre-incubated withHBMEC for 1 hour before the Aβ₁₋₄₂ application (in a final volume perculture well of 100 μl). One hour after test compounds or VEGFincubation (two hours after cell seeding on matrigel), 100 μl of Aβ₁₋₄₂peptide was added to a final concentration of 2.5 μM diluted in controlmedium in presence of test compounds or VEGF (in a 200 μA totalvolume/well), in order to avoid further drug dilutions.

Organization of Cultures Plates

VEGF-165 known to be a pro-angiogenic isoform of VEGF-A, was used forall experiment in this study as reference compound. VEGF-165 is one ofthe most abundant VEGF isoforms involved in angiogenesis. VEGF was usedas reference test compound at 10 nM (FIG. 1).

The following conditions were assessed:

-   -   Negative Control: medium alone+0.1% DMSO    -   Intoxication: amyloid-β₁₋₄₂ (2.5 μM) for 18 h    -   Positive control: VEGF-165 (10 nM) (1 reference        compound/culture) 1 hr before the Aβ₁₋₄₂ (2.5 μM) addition for a        18 h incubation time.    -   Test compounds: Test compound(s) 1 hr before the Aβ₁₋₄₂ (2.5 μM)        addition for a 18 h incubation time.        Capillary Network Quantification

Per well, 2 pictures with 4× lens were taken using InCell Analyzer™ 1000(GE Healthcare) in light transmission. All images were taken in the sameconditions. Analysis of the angiogenesis networks was done usingDeveloper software (GE Healthcare). The total length of capillarynetwork was assessed.

Data Processing

Data were expressed in percentage of control conditions (nointoxication, no amyloid=100%) in order to express the amyloid injury.All values were expressed as mean+/−SEM (s.e.mean) of the 3 cultures(n=6 wells per condition). Statistic analyses were done on the differentconditions (ONE-WAY ANOVA followed by the Dunnett's test when it wasallowed, Statview software version 5.0).

Results

Baclofen-Acamprosate combination gives a significant protective effectagainst toxicity of human Aβ₁₋₄₂ peptide in HBMEC model (a reduction of24% of Aβ₁₋₄₂ peptide injury is observed), as shown in FIG. 2. Theresults clearly show that the intoxication by human amyloid peptide(Aβ₁₋₄₂ 2.5 μM) is significantly prevented by the drug combinationwhereas, at those concentrations, the drugs alone have no significanteffect on intoxication in the experimental conditions described above.

Conversely, combination of Baclofen and Terbinafine (which is presentedhere only for the sake of comparison) affords a weaker protection (areduction of 15% of Aβ₁₋₄₂ peptide injury is observed) against Aβ₁₋₄₂(FIG. 3).

Thus, although these two combinations allow a protection against Aβ₁₋₄₂,the combination Baclofen-Acamprosate stands out clearly. Indeed, thesedrugs at concentrations having no effect alone allow significantprotection of human HBME cells against Aβ₁₋₄₂ when used in combination.Furthermore, the Baclofen-Acamprosate combination is more effective thanthe Baclofen-Terbinafine combination. Such an effect of Baclofen andAcamprosate represents a remarkable improvement by 60% in comparison toe.g., the effect of the combination of Baclofen-Terbinafine.

Moreover, concentration of Baclofen used in the Baclofen-Acamprosatecombination is much lower than the concentration of Baclofen used in theBaclofen-Terbinafine combination (25-fold reduction).

I.2 Effect on the Toxicity of Human Aβ₁₋₄₂ Peptide on Primary CorticalNeuron Cells.

Culture of Primary Cortical Neurons

Rat cortical neurons were cultured as described by Singer et al. (47).Briefly pregnant female rats of 15 days gestation were killed bycervical dislocation (Rats Wistar) and the foetuses were removed fromthe uterus. The cortex was removed and placed in ice-cold medium ofLeibovitz (L15) containing 2% of Penicillin 10.000 U/ml and Streptomycin10 mg/ml and 1% of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Cortexes were dissociatedby trypsin for 20 min at 37° C. (0.05%). The reaction was stopped by theaddition of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing DNaselgrade II and 10% of foetal calf serum (FCS). Cells were thenmechanically dissociated by 3 serial passages through a 10 ml pipetteand centrifuged at 515×g for 10 min at +4° C. The supernatant wasdiscarded and the pellet of cells was re-suspended in a defined culturemedium consisting of Neurobasal supplemented with B27 (2%), L-glutamine(0.2 mM), 2% of PS solution and 10 ng/ml of BDNF. Viable cells werecounted in a Neubauer cytometer using the trypan blue exclusion test.The cells were seeded at a density of 30 000 cells/well in 96well-plates (wells were pre-coated with poly-L-lysine (10 μg/ml)) andwere cultured at +37° C. in a humidified air (95%)/CO2 (5%) atmosphere.

Three independent cultures will be performed per condition, 6 wells percondition.

Test Compounds and Human Amyloid-β1-42 Treatment

Briefly, Aβ₁₋₄₂ peptide was reconstituted in define culture medium at 40μM (mother solution) and was slowly shaken at +37° C. for 3 days indark. The control medium was prepared in the same conditions.

After 3 days, the solution was used on primary cortical neurons asfollows:

After 10 days of neuron culture, test compounds were solved in culturemedium (+0.1% DMSO) and then pre-incubated with neurons for 1 hourbefore the Aβ₁₋₄₂ application (in a final volume per culture well of 100μl). One hour after test compound(s) incubation, 100 μl of Aβ₁₋₄₂peptide was added to a final concentration of 10 μM diluted in presenceof drug(s), in order to avoid further test compound(s) dilutions.Cortical neurons were intoxicated for 24 hours. Three separate cultureswere performed per condition, 6 wells per condition.

BDNF (50 ng/ml) and Estradiol-β (150 nM) were used as positive controland reference compounds respectively. Three separate cultures will beperformed per condition, 12 wells per condition.

Organization of Cultures Plates

Estradiol-β at 150 nM was used as a positive control (FIG. 4).

Estradiol-β was solved in culture medium and pre-incubated for 1 hbefore the amyloid-β₁₋₄₂ application.

The following conditions were assessed:

-   -   CONTROL PLAQUE: 12 wells/condition        -   Negative Control: medium alone+0.1% DMSO        -   Intoxication: amyloid-β₁₋₄₂ (10 μM) for 24 h        -   Reference compound: Estradiol (150 nM) 1 hr.    -   DRUG PLATE: 6 wells/condition        -   Negative Control: medium alone+0.1% DMSO        -   Intoxication: amyloid-β₁₋₄₂ (10 μM) for 24 h        -   Test compound(s): test compound(s)—1 hr followed by            amyloid-β₁₋₄₂ (10 μM) for 24 h            Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Activity Assay

24 hours after intoxication, the supernatant was taken off and analyzedwith Cytotoxicity Detection Kit (LDH, Roche Applied Science, ref:11644793001, batch: 11800300). This colorimetric assay for thequantification of cell toxicity is based on the measurement of lactatedehydrogenase (LDH) activity released from the cytosol of dying cellsinto the supernatant.

Data Processing

Data were expressed in percentage of control conditions (nointoxication, no amyloid=100%) in order to express the amyloid injury.All values were expressed as mean+/−SEM (s.e.mean) of the 3 cultures(n=6 wells per condition). Statistic analyses were done on the differentconditions (ONE-WAY ANOVA followed by the Dunnett's test when it wasallowed, Statview software version 5.0).

Results

The combination of Baclofen and Acamprosate induces a significantprotective effect against the toxicity of human Aβ₁₋₄₂ peptide(improvement of 34% of cell survival) in primary cortical neuron cellsas shown in FIG. 5. The results clearly show that the intoxication byhuman amyloid peptide (Aβ₁₋₄₂ 10 μM) is significantly prevented by thecombination, whereas at those concentrations, Baclofen or Acamprosate,alone, have no significant effect on intoxication.

Conversely, although active in this model, the combination ofSulfisoxazole and Cinacalcet affords a weaker protection against Aβ₁₋₄₂(19%, FIG. 6).

Thus, while those two combinations allow a protection against Aβ₁₋₄₂,the combination Baclofen—Acamprosate stands out clearly. Indeed, atconcentrations having no effect alone, the drugs cause a significantprotection of primary cortical neuron cells against Aβ₁₋₄₂ when used incombination. Furthermore, the Baclofen-Acamprosate combination is muchmore effective than the Sulfisoxazole-Cinacalcet combination. Such aneffect of Baclofen and Acamprosate represents a remarkable improvementby 60% in comparison to e.g., the effect of the combination ofSulfisoxazole and Cinacalcet.

Taken together these results show an unexpected and remarkable positiveeffect of Baclofen-Acamprosate combinations in several in vitro modelsof Alzheimer's disease. The effect observed is highly superior to thatprovoked by other Baclofen-based combination therapies (e.g.,Baclofen-Terbinafine), or other active combination therapies(Sulfisoxazole-Cinacalcet).

A comparison of Acamprosate and Homotaurine protection activity oncortical cells has been done (FIG. 17). Those results shown that thederivative of acamprosate, called Homotaurine, allow an effectiveprotection against Aβ₁₋₄₂. In the context of this invention, Baclofen orAcamprosate can thus be substituted by their derivatives, provided thatthose derivatives are efficient in assay described herein.

I.3. Protection Against the Toxicity of β₁₋₄₂ in a Neurite Growth andSynapse Functionality Model.

Rat cortical neurons were cultured as described by Singer et al. (35).Briefly pregnant female rats of 15 days gestation were killed bycervical dislocation (Rats Wistar) and the foetuses were removed fromthe uterus. The cortex was removed and placed in ice-cold medium ofLeibovitz (L15) containing 2% of Penicillin 10.000 U/ml and Streptomycin10 mg/ml and 1% of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Cortices were dissociatedby trypsin for 20 min at 37° C. (0.05%). The reaction was stopped by theaddition of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing DNaselgrade II and 10% of foetal calf serum (FCS). Cells were thenmechanically dissociated by 3 serial passages through a 10 ml pipetteand centrifuged at 515×g for 10 min at +4° C. The supernatant wasdiscarded and the pellet of cells was re-suspended in a defined culturemedium consisting of Neurobasal supplemented with B27 (2%), L-glutamine(0.2 mM), 2% of PS solution and 10 ng/ml of BDNF. Viable cells werecounted in a Neubauer cytometer using the trypan blue exclusion test.The cells were seeded at a density of 30 000 cells/well in 96well-plates (wells were pre-coated with poly-L-lysine (10 μg/ml)) andwere cultured at +37° C. in a humidified air (95%)/CO2 (5%) atmosphere.

After 10 days of culture, cells are incubated with drugs. After 1 hour,cells are intoxicated by 2.5 μM of beta-amyloïd (1-42; Bachem) indefined medium without BDNF but together with drugs. Cortical neuronsare intoxicated for 24 hours. BDNF (10 ng/ml) is used as a positive(neuroprotective) control. Three independent cultures were performed percondition, 6 wells per condition.

Neurites Length and Synapse Quantitation

After 24 hours of intoxication, the supernatant is taken off and thecortical neurons are fixed by a cold solution of ethanol (95%) andacetic acid (5%) for 5 min. After permeabilization with 0.1% of saponin,cells are blocked for 2 h with PBS containing 1% foetal calf serum.Then, cells are incubated with monoclonal antibody antimicrotubule-associated-protein 2 (MAP-2; Sigma) or with antisynaptophysin (SYN, S5798, Sigma) together with anti PSD95 (P246, Sigma)antibodies in order to quantify synapses. These antibodies stainspecifically cell bodies and neurites of neurons of neurons (MAP2) orpre and post synaptic elements (SYN and PSD95, respectively).

These antibodies are revealed with Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse IgG(Molecular probe). Nuclei of neurons were labeled by a fluorescentmarker (Hoechst solution, SIGMA). Per well, 10 pictures are taken usingInCell Analyzer™ 1000 (GE Healthcare) with 20× magnification. Allpictures are taken in the same conditions. Analysis of the neuritenetwork is done using Developer software (GE Healthcare) in order toassess the total length of neurite network.

Results

The combination of Baclofen and Acamprosate induces a significantprotective effect against the toxicity of human Aβ₁₋₄₂ peptide(improvement of 80% of neurites network) in primary cortical neuroncells as shown in FIG. 7. The results clearly show that the intoxicationby human amyloid peptide (Aβ₁₋₄₂ 2.5 μM) is significantly prevented bythe combination, whereas at those concentrations, Baclofen orAcamprosate, alone, have no significant effect on intoxication.

Furthermore, the total length of neurite network treated with thiscombination is no more significantly different from control cells.Hence, this combination allows an effective protection of corticalneuron cells against the toxicity of human Aβ₁₋₄₂ peptide but also aneurite growth comparable to a sane cortical neuron cell.

II. Baclofen-Acamprosate Combination Therapies Prevent Toxicity Of HumanAβ₂₅₋₃₅ In Vivo

Animals

Male Swiss mice are used throughout the study. Animals are housed inplastic cages, with free access to laboratory chow and water, exceptduring behavioural experiments, and kept in a regulated environment,under a 12 h light/dark cycle (light on at 8:00 a.m.). Experiments arecarried out in a soundproof and air-regulated experimental room, towhich mice have been habituated at least 30 min before each experiment.

Combinatory Treatment

Drug(s) is/are daily administered by gavage (per os). The β25-35 peptideand scrambled β 25-35 peptide (control) have been dissolved in sterilebidistilled water, and stored at −20° C. until use. The β-amyloidpeptides are then administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.). Inbrief, each mouse is anaesthetized lightly with ether, and a gaugestainless-steel needle is inserted unilaterally 1 mm to the right of themidline point equidistant from each eye, at an equal distance betweenthe eyes and the ears and perpendicular to the plane of the skull.Peptides or vehicle are delivered gradually within approximately 3 s.Mice exhibit normal behaviour within 1 min after injection. Theadministration site is checked by injecting Indian ink in preliminaryexperiments. Neither insertion of the needle, nor injection of thevehicle have a significant influence on survival, behavioral responsesor cognitive functions.

Drug(s) Treatment

On day −1, i.e. 24 h before the Aβ₂₅₋₃₅ peptide injection, drugcombinations or the vehicle solution are administered per os by gavagetwice daily (at 8:00 am and 6:00 pm).

On day 0 (at 10:00 am), mice are injected i.c.v. with Aβ25-35 peptide orscrambled Aβ25-35 peptide (control) in a final volume of 3 μl (3 mM).

Between day 0 and day 7, drugs, drugs combination or the vehiclesolution are administered per os by gavage once or twice daily (at 8:00am and 6:00 pm). One animal group receives donepezil (referencecompound—1 mg/kg/day) per os by gavage in a single injection (at 8:00am). Drugs are solubilized in water and freshly prepared just beforeeach gavage administration.

On day 7, all animals are tested for the spontaneous alternationperformance in the Y-maze test, an index of spatial working memory.

On day 7 and 8, the contextual long-term memory of the animals isassessed using the step-down type passive avoidance procedure.

On day 8, animals are sacrificed. Their brain is dissected and kept at−80° C. for further analysis.

Combinations Enhance Behavioral and Cognitive Performances ofIntoxicated Animals

Spontaneous Alternation Performances-Y Maze Test

On day 7, all animals are tested for spontaneous alternation performancein the Y-maze, an index of spatial working memory. The Y-maze is made ofgrey polyvinylchloride. Each arm is 40 cm long, 13 cm high, 3 cm wide atthe bottom, 10 cm wide at the top, and converging at an equal angle.Each mouse is placed at the end of one arm and allowed to move freelythrough the maze during an 8 min session. The series of arm entries,including possible returns into the same arm, are checked visually. Analternation is defined as entries into all three arms on consecutiveoccasions. The number of maximum alternations is therefore the totalnumber of arm entries minus two and the percentage of alternation iscalculated as (actual alternations/maximum alternations)×100. Parametersinclude the percentage of alternation (memory index) and total number ofarm entries (exploration index). Animals that show an extreme behavior(Alternation percentage<25% or >85% or number of arm entries<10) arediscarded. Usually, it accounts for 0-5% of the animals. This testincidentally serves to analyze at the behavioral level the impact andthe amnesic effect induced in mice by the Aβ25-35 injection.

Passive Avoidance Test

The apparatus is a two-compartment (15×20×15 cm high) box with oneilluminated with white polyvinylchloride walls and the other darkenedwith black polyvinylchloride walls and a grid floor. A guillotine doorseparates each compartment. A 60 W lamp positioned 40 cm above theapparatus lights up the white compartment during the experiment.Scrambled footshocks (0.3 mA for 3 s) could be delivered to the gridfloor using a shock generator scrambler (Lafayette Instruments,Lafayette, USA). The guillotine door is initially closed during thetraining session. Each mouse is placed into the white compartment. After5 s, the door raises. When the mouse enters the darkened compartment andplaces all its paws on the grid floor, the door closes and the footshockis delivered for 3 s. The step-through latency, that is, the latencyspent to enter the darkened compartment, and the number of vocalizationsis recorded. The retention test is carried out 24 h after training. Eachmouse is placed again into the white compartment. After 5 s the doors israised, the step-through latency and the escape latency, i.e. the timespent to return into the white compartment, are recorded up to 300 s.

Positive results are observed in behavioural performances andbiochemical assays performed 7 days after β25-35 peptide icy injection.

The combination of Baclofen and Acamprosate induces a significantprotective effect on behavioral and cognitive performances ofintoxicated animals as shown in FIGS. 8, 9 & 10.

In FIG. 8, with only 53.8% of alternation, intoxicated mice exhibit astrongly impaired spatial working memory compared to control. With animprovement of more than 48% of their percentage of alternation comparedto control, the impairment is significantly prevented on mice treatedwith Baclofen and Acamprosate.

Similarly, FIGS. 9 & 10 show that intoxicated animals exhibit impairedbehavioral and cognitive performances according to their score in escapelatency and step-through latency respectively. In both tests, thecombination of Baclofen and Acamprosate allows a significant correctionof the impairment. The escape latency of mice treated with thiscombination is no more significantly different from control mice (FIG.9) and step through latency (FIG. 10) is significantly increased bycombinations of the invention with an enhanced effect of the combinationcompared to drugs alone.

Memory impairment is the early feature of Alzheimer disease and theseresults clearly show that the toxic effect of amyloid peptide onbehavioral and cognitive performances (including memory) issignificantly prevented by the combinations of the invention.

Furthermore, the FIG. 16 shows that extremely low dose of Baclofen (480μg/kg/day), Acamprosate (32 μg/kg/day) and Donepezil (0.25 mg/kg/day)can be combined to allow a complete protection of behavioral andcognitive performances of mice as measured by Y-maze test. Whereasdonepezil, at this concentration, have no significant effect (32%protection) on spatial working memory, its use in conjunction with thebaclofen and acamprosate combination allows a complete protection (98%)of intoxicated mice's cognitive performances. Combinations of theinvention can thus be further combined with other therapies in order topotentiate their action.

Combinations Improve Neurophysiological Concern of Neurological Diseases

Combinations therapies are tested in the in vivo model of Aβintoxication. Their effects on several parameters which are affected inneurological diseases are assessed:

-   -   Caspases 3 and 9 expression level, considered as an indicator of        apoptosis,    -   Lipid peroxidation, considered as a marker for oxidative stress        level,    -   GFAP expression assay, considered as a marker of the level of        brain inflammation,    -   Brain Blood Barrier integrity,    -   Overall synapse integrity (synaptophysin ELISA).    -   Quantification of viable neurons in the Cal.        Brain Blood Barrier integrity

Experimental design about animal intoxication by Aβ is the same that inpart III.

The potential protective effect of the combination therapies on theblood brain barrier (BBB) integrity is analyzed in mice injectedintracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) with oligomeric amyloid-β25-35peptide (Aβ25-35) or scrambled Aβ25-35 control peptide (Sc.Aβ), 7 daysafter injection.

On day 7 after the Aβ₂₅₋₃₅ injection, animals are tested to determinethe BBB integrity by using the EB (Evans Blue) method. EB dye is knownto bind to serum albumin after peripheral injection and has been used asa tracer for serum albumin.

EB dye (2% in saline, 4 ml/kg) is injected intraperitoneal (i.p.) 3 hprior to the transcardiac perfusion. Mice are then anesthetized withi.p. 200 μl of pre-mix ketamine 80 mg/kg, xylazine 10 mg/kg, the chestis opened. Mice are perfused transcardially with 250 ml of saline forapproximately 15 min until the fluid from the right atrium becomescolourless. After decapitation, the brain is removed and dissected outinto three regions: cerebral cortex (left+right), hippocampus(left+right), diencephalon. Then, each brain region is weighed forquantitative measurement of EB-albumin extravasation.

Samples are homogenized in phosphate-buffered saline solution and mixedby vortexing after addition of 60% trichloroacetic acid to precipitatethe protein. Samples are cooled at 4° C., and then centrifuged 30 min at10,000 g, 4° C. The supernatant is measured at 610 nm for absorbance ofEB using a spectrophotometer.

EB is quantified both as

-   -   μg/mg of brain tissue by using a standard curve, obtained by        known concentration of EB-albumin.    -   μg/mg of protein.        Overall Synapse Integrity (Synaptophysin ELISA)

Synaptophysin has been chosen as a marker of synapse integrity and isassayed using a commercial ELISA kit (USCN, Ref. E90425Mu). Samples areprepared from hippocampus tissues and homogenized in an extractionbuffer specific to as described by manufacturer and referenceliterature.

Tissues are rinsed in ice-cold PBS (0.02 mol/l, pH 7.0-7.2) to removeexcess blood thoroughly and weighed before nitrogen freezing and -80° C.storage. Tissues are cut into small pieces and homogenized in 1 mlice-cold phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution with a glasshomogenizer. The resulting suspension is sonicated with an ultrasoniccell disrupter or subjected to two freeze-thawing cycles to furtherbreak the cell membranes. Then, homogenates are centrifugated for 5 minat 5,000 g and the supernatant is assayed immediately.

All samples are assayed in triplicates.

Quantification of proteins is performed with the Pierce BCA(bicinchoninic acid) protein assay kit (Pierce, Ref. #23227) to evaluateextraction performance and allow normalization.

The total protein concentrations are then calculated from standard curvedilutions and serve to normalize ELISA results.

Quantification of Viable Neurons in the CAl

On day 8, each mouse is anesthetized with 200 μl i.p. of a pre-mix ofketamine 80 mg/kg and xylazine 10 mg/kg and transcardially perfused with100 ml of saline solution followed by 100 ml of 4% paraformaldehyde. Thebrains are removed and kept for 24 h post-fixation in 4%paraformaldehyde solution at 4° C.

After post-fixation, brains are washed in a phosphate buffer saline(PBS) solution, then cerebellum is removed and the forebrains are placedon a vibratom plateform (Leica VT100OS, Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) forslicing.

Brains are cut in coronal sections (20 μm thickness) using a vibratom(Leica VT100OS, Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). Serial sections are placed on24-well plate with PBS. They are then selected to include thehippocampal formation and 9 sections are placed in gelatin-coatedglass-strip (one slide per animal for cresyl violet). All slides aredried at room temperature for 48 h to avoid unsticking. The slides arestored at room temperature until cresyl violet staining Sections arestained with 0.2% Cresyl violet reagent (Sigma-Aldrich), then dehydratedwith graded ethanol, treated with toluene, and are mounted with Mountexmedium (BDH Laboratory Supplies, Poole, Dorset, UK).

After mounting, slides are kept at RT for 24 h drying. Examination ofthe CA 1 area are performed using a light microscope (Dialux 22, Leitz),with slices digitalized through a CCD camera (Sony XC-77CE, Sony, Paris,France) with the NIHImage® v1.63 software (NIH). CAl measurement andpyramidal cells counts are processed using ImageJ® (NIH). Data areexpressed as mean of nine slices of CA 1 pyramidal cells per millimeterfor each group (left and right hippocampus CAI counting) (49).

Oxidative Stress Assay

Mice are sacrificed by decapitation and both hippocampi are rapidlyremoved, weighted and kept in liquid nitrogen until assayed. Afterthawing, hippocampus are homogenized in cold methanol (1/10 w/v),centrifuged at 1,000 g during 5 min and the supernatant placed ineppendorf tube. The reaction volume of each homogenate are added toFeSO4 1 mM, H2SO4 0.25 M, xylenol orange 1 mM and incubated for 30 minat room temperature. After reading the absorbance at 580 nm (A580 1), 10μl of cumene hydroperoxyde 1 mM (CHP) is added to the sample andincubated for 30 min at room temperature, to determine the maximaloxidation level. The absorbance is measured at 580 nm (A580 2). Thelevel of lipid peroxidation is determined as CHP equivalents (CHPE)according to: CHPE=A580 1/A580 2×[CHP] and expressed as CHP equivalentsper weight of tissue and as percentage of control group data.

Caspase Pathway Induction Assay and GFAP Expression Assay

Mice are sacrificed by decapitation and both hippocampi are rapidlyremoved, rinsed in ice-cold PBS (0.02 mol/l, pH 7.0-7.2) to removeexcess blood thoroughly weighted and kept in liquid nitrogen untilassayed. Tissues are cut into small pieces and homogenized in 1 mlice-cold PBS with a glass homogenizer. The resulting suspension issonicated with ultrasonic cell disrupter or subjected to twofreeze-thawing cycles to further break the cell membranes. Then,homogenates are centrifugated at 5,000 g during 5 min and thesupernatant is assayed immediately.

Experiments are conducted with commercial assay: Caspase-3(USCN-E90626Mu), Caspase-9 (USCN-E90627Mu), GFAP (USCN-E90068).

Quantification of proteins is performed with the Pierce BCA(bicinchoninic acid) protein assay kit (Pierce, Ref. #23227) to evaluateextraction performance and allow normalization.

The combination of Baclofen and Acamprosate induces a significantprotective effect on neurophysiological functions of intoxicated animalsas shown in FIGS. 11, 12, 13 & 14.

With a protection of more than 60% compared to non-treated intoxicatedanimals, the combination is effective for the protection of neurons(FIG. 11) and synaptic density (FIG. 13).

Similarly, FIG. 12 show that the combination of Baclofen and Acamprosateprotect the BBB integrity (76%) compared with non-treated intoxicatedanimals.

Finally, this combination therapy is efficient in reducing the overalloxidative stress induced by Aβ in brain of treated animals when comparedwith the non-treated intoxicated animals (FIG. 14).

As shown in the Part A of examples, several neurological functionsimpaired in numerous neurological disorders, including neurodegenerativedisorders such as Alzheimer disease and related disorders have beenprotected and symptoms retarded or reduced by the combinationBaclofen-Acamprosate.

B) Prevention of Glutamate Toxicity on Neuronal Cells

In this further set of experiment, candidate compounds have been testedfor their ability to prevent or reduce the toxic effects of glutamatetoxicity on neuronal cells. Glutamate toxicity is involved in thepathogenesis of neurological diseases or disorder such as MultipleSclerosis, Alzheimer's Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis,Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, neuropathies, alcoholism oralcohol withdrawal, or spinal cord injury. The drugs are first testedindividually, followed by assays of their combinatorial action.

Methods

The efficacy of drug combinations of the invention is assessed onprimary cortical neuron cells. The protocol which is used in theseassays is the same as described in section A.I.2 above.

Glutamate Toxicity Assays

The neuroprotective effect of compounds is assessed by quantification ofthe neurite network (Neurofilament immunostaining (NF)) whichspecifically reveals the glutamatergic neurons.

After 12 days of neuron culture, drugs of the candidate combinations aresolved in culture medium (+0.1% DMSO). Candidate combinations are thenpre-incubated with neurons for 1 hour before the Glutamate injury. Onehour after incubation with, Glutamate is added for 20 min, to a finalconcentration of 40 μM, in presence of candidate combinations, in orderto avoid further drug dilutions. At the end of the incubation, medium ischanged with medium with candidate combination but without glutamate.The culture is fixed 24 hours after glutamate injury. MK801(Dizocilpinehydrogen maleate, 77086-22-7-20 μM) is used as a positivecontrol.

After permeabilization with saponin (Sigma), cells are blocked for 2 hwith PBS containing 10% goat serum, then the cells are incubated withmouse monoclonal primary antibody against Neurofilament antibody (NF,Sigma). This antibody is revealed with Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouseIgG.

Nuclei of cells are labeled by a fluorescent marker (Hoechst solution,SIGMA), and neurite network quantified. Six wells per condition are usedto assess neuronal survival in 3 different cultures.

Results

The combination Baclofen-Acamprosate give a protective effect againstglutamate toxicity for cortical neuronal cells. As exemplified in FIG.15, combinations of the invention strongly protect neurons fromglutamate toxicity under experimental conditions described above. It isnoteworthy that an effective protection is noticed using drugconcentrations at which drugs used alone have lower protective effect.Combination of Baclofen and Acamprosate induce an improvement of morethan 200% compared to acamprosate alone and more than 47% compared tobaclofen used alone.

C) Improvement of Other Disorders Related to Glutamate ExcitoxicityUsing Combinations of the Invention

The above mentioned in vitro protective effect against glutamatetoxicity of drugs and drug combinations of the invention combined withthe protective effects exemplified herein in several AD models, promptedthe inventors to test these drugs and combinations in some models ofother diseases in the pathogenesis of which glutamate toxicity is alsoinvolved, as MS, ALS and neuropathic pain.

I) Protective Effect of Combinations in an In Vivo Model of MultipleSclerosis.

A model in which myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-immunized(MOG-immunized) mice develop chronic progressive EAE is used todemonstrate the beneficial effect of compositions of the invention inmultiple sclerosis treatment.

Animals and Chemicals

C57L/6J female mice (8 weeks old) are purchased from Janvier (France);after two weeks of habituation, female mice (10 weeks old) developchronic paralysis after immunization with MOG (Myelin OligodendrocyteGlycoprotein) peptide. The experimental encephalomyelitis is inducedwith the Hooke Kit MOG₃₅₋₅₅/CFA Emulsion PTX (Pertussis toxin) for EAEInduction (EK-0110, EK-0115; Hooke laboratories). The control kit isCK-0115 (Hooke laboratories).

Experimental Procedure

The experimental encephalomyelitis is induced by following procedure:

The day 0, two subcutaneous injections of 0.1 ml each are performed; oneon upper back of the mouse and one in lower back. Each injectioncontains 100 μg of MOG₃₅₋₅₅ peptide (MEVGWYRSPFSRVVHLYRNGK, SEQ IDNO:1), 200 μg of inactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra and isemulsified in Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) (Hooke laboratories). Theemulsion provides antigen needed to expand and differentiateMOG-specific autoimmune T cells.

Two intraperitoneal injections of 500 ng of Pertussis toxin in PBS(Hooke kit) are performed 2 hours (Day 0) and 24 hours (Day 1) after theMOG injection. Pertussis toxin enhances EAE development by providingadditional adjuvant.

Mice develop EAE 8 days after immunization and stay chronicallyparalyzed for the duration of the experiment. After the immunization,mice are daily observed for clinical symptoms in a blind procedure.Animals are kept in a conventional pathogen-free facility and allexperiments are carried out in accordance with guidelines prescribed by,and are approved by, the standing local committee of bioethics.

Experimental Groups and Drug Treatment:

Groups of female mice as disclosed are homogenized by weight before theimmunization:

-   -   Control group: vehicle injection in the same conditions of EAE        mice (from Day −1 to Day 28, placebo is given daily)    -   EAE group: MOG injection (day 0)+Pertussis toxin injections (Day        0 and 1)    -   from Day −1 to Day 28, placebo is given orally daily    -   EAE+positive control: MOG injection (Day 0)+Pertussis toxin        injections (Day 0 and 1)—from Day −1 to Day 28, dexamethazone is        given orally daily.    -   EAE+treatment group: MOG injection (Day 0)+Pertussis toxin        injections (Day 0 and 1). The treatments start one Day before        immunization and last until Day 28.

The clinical scores are measured at Days0-5-8-9-12-14-16-19-21-23-26-28.

Statistica software (Statsoft Inc.) is utilized throughout forstatistical analysis. ANOVA analysis and Student's t test are employedto analyse clinical disease score. P<0.05 is considered significant.

Delays of disease occurrence, clinical score and delay of death, havebeen compared between each group to the reference ‘immu’ group withKaplan-Meier curves and a Cox model (R package ‘survival’). Resultingp-values are unilateral and test the hypothesis to be better than thereference ‘immu’ group.

The total clinical score is composed of the tail score, the hind limbscore, the fore limb score and the bladder score described as below:

Tail Score:

Score = 0 A normal mouse holds its tail erect when moving. Score = 1 Ifthe extremity of the tail is flaccid with a tendency to fall. Score = 2If the tail is completely flaccid and drags on the table.Hind Limbs Score:

Score = 0 A normal mouse has an energetic walk and doesn't drag his pawsScore = 1 Either one of the following tests is positive: A - Flip test:while holding the tail between thumb and index finger, flip the animalon his back and observe the time it takes to right itself. A healthymouse will turn itself immediately. A delay suggests hind-limb weakness.B - Place the mouse on the wire cage top and observe as it crosses fromone side to the other. If one or both limbs frequently slip between thebars we consider that there is a partial paralysis. Score = 2 Bothprevious tests are positive. Score = 3 One or both hind limbs show signsof paralysis but some movements are preserved; for example: the animalcan grasp and hold on to the underside of the wire cage top for a shortmoment before letting go. Score = 4 When both hind legs are paralyzedand the mouse drags them when moving.Fore Limbs Score:

Score = 0 A normal mouse uses its front paws actively for grasping andwalking and holds its head erect. Score = 1 Walking is possible butdifficult due to a weakness in one or both of the paws, for example, thefront paws are considered weak when the mouse has difficulty graspingthe underside of the wire top cage. Another sign of weakness is headdrooping. Score = 2 When one forelimb is paralyzed (impossibility tograsp and the mouse turns around the paralyzed limb). At this time thehead has also lost much of its muscle tone. Score = 3 Mouse cannot move,and food and water are unattainable.Bladder Score:

Score = 0 A normal mouse has full control of its bladder. Score = 1 Amouse is considered incontinent when its lower body is soaked withurine.

The global score for each animal is determined by the addition of allthe above mentioned categories. The maximum score for live animals is10.

Results-Combinations Therapies are Efficient in a MS Model

A significant improvement of global clinical score is observed in“EAE+treatment group” mice for the Baclofen and Acamprosate combination.

The combination of Baclofen (30 mg/kg/day) and Acamprosate (2 mg/kg/day)induced a significant protective effect against the development ofchronic progressive EAE and hence confirmed the beneficial effect of thecomposition in multiple sclerosis treatment (FIG. 18). With more than30% reduction of the symptoms, the results clearly show that thecombination induces a significant reduction of disease development fromday 13. This result confirms the remarkable positive effect ofBaclofen-Acamprosate combination on the neuronal protection including ondemyelination and its implications.

Taken together, these results show that this combination enableseffective protection of neurons against many stresses involved in thedevelopment of neurological disease such as βamyloid, BBB breakdown,glutamate excitotoxicity or demyelination.

II. Protective Effect of Combinations in Models of ALS.

The effect of Combination therapies according to the present inventionon ALS have been demonstrated in vitro, in a co-culture model, and invivo, in a mouse model of ALS. Protocols and results are presented inthis section.

II.1 Protective effect against glutamate toxicity in primary cultures ofnerve-muscle co-culture

Primary Co-Cultures of Nerve- and Muscle Cells

Human muscle is prepared according to a previously described method fromportions of biopsy of healthy patient (48). Muscle cells are establishedfrom dissociated cells (10000 cells per wells), plated in gelatin-coated0.1% on 48 wells plate and grown in a proliferating medium consisting ofmix of MEM medium and M199 medium.

Immediately after satellite cells fusion, whole transverse slices of13-day-old rat Wistar embryos spinal cords with dorsal root ganglia(DRG) attached are placed on the muscle monolayer 1 explant per well (incenter area). DRG are necessary to achieve a good ratio of innervations.Innervated cultures are maintained in mix medium. After 24 h in theusual co-culture neuritis are observed growing out of the spinal cordexplants. They make contacts with myotubes and induce the firstcontractions after 8 days. Quickly thereafter, innervated muscle fibreslocated in proximity to the spinal cord explants, are virtuallycontinuously contracting Innervated fibres are morphologically andspatially distinct from the non-innervated ones and could easily bedistinguished from them.

One co-culture is done (6 wells per conditions).

Glutamate Injury

On day 27, co-cultures are incubated with candidate compounds orRiluzole one hour before glutamate intoxication (60 μM) for 20 min.Then, co-cultures are washed and candidate compounds or Riluzole areadded for an additional 48 h. After this incubation time, unfixedco-cultures are incubated with α-bungarotoxin coupled with Alexa 488 atconcentration 500 nmol/L for 15 min at room temperature. Then,co-cultures fixed by PFA for 20 min at room temperature. Afterpermeabilization with 0.1% of saponin, co-cultures are incubated withanti-neurofilament antibody (NF).

These antibodies are detected with Alexa Fluor 568 goat anti-mouse IgG(Molecular probe). Nuclei of neurons are labeled by a fluorescent marker(Hoechst solution).

Endpoints are (1) Total neurite length, (2) Number of motor units, (3)Total motor unit area, which are indicative of motorneurone survival andfunctionality.

For each condition, 2×10 pictures per well are taken using InCellAnalyzer™ 1000 (GE Healthcare) with 20× magnification. All the imagesare taken in the same conditions.

Results

Baclofen and Acamprosate combination effectively protect motor neuronesand motor units in the co-culture model.

II.2—Combinations Therapies are Efficient in ALS Mouse Model

Experiments are performed on male mice. Transgenic male miceB6SJL-Tg(SOD1)₂Gur/J mice and their control (respectively SN2726 andSN2297 from Jackson Laboratories, Ben Harbor, USA and distributed byCharles River in France) are chosen in this set of experiments to mimicALS.

Diseased mice express the SOD1-G93A transgene, designed with a mutanthuman SOD1 gene (a single amino acid substitution of glycine to alanineat codon 93) driven by its endogenous human SOD1 promoter. Control miceexpress the control human SOD1 gene.

Randomisation of the Animals:

The group assignation and the randomisation of the animals are based onthe body weight; for each group, the randomisation is done one daybefore the first treatment.

Drug Administration

Mice are dosed with candidate drug treatment diluted in vehicle from60th day after birth till death. Diluted solutions of drug candidatesare prepared with water at room temperature just before the beginning ofthe administration.

-   -   In Drinking Water:

Riluzole is added in drinking water at a final concentration of 6 mg/ml(adjusted to each group mean body weight) in 5% cyclodextrin. As a mousedrinks about 5 ml/day, the estimated administrated dose is 30 mg/kg/daywhich is a dose that was shown to increase the survival of mice.

-   -   Cyclodextrine is used as vehicle at the final concentration of        5%, diluted in water at room temperature from stock solution        (cyclodextrin 20%).        -   Oral Administration (per os):    -   Drug combinations are administrated per os, daily.    -   Cyclodextrine is used as vehicle at the final concentration of        5%, diluted in water at room temperature from stock solution        (cyclodextrin 20%).        Clinical Observation

The clinical observation of each mouse is performed daily, from thefirst day of treatment (60 days of age) until the death (or sacrifice).Clinical observation consists in studying behavioural tests: onset ofparalysis, “loss of splay”, “loss of righting reflex”, and general gaitobservation:

-   -   Onset of paralysis: The observation consists of paralysis        observation of each limb.

Onset of paralysis corresponds to the day of the first signs ofparalysis.

-   -   The loss of splay test consists of tremors or shaking        notification and the position of hind limb (hanging or splaying        out) when the mouse is suspended by the tail.    -   The loss of righting reflex test evaluates the ability of the        mouse to right itself within 30 sec of being turned on either        side. The righting reflex is lost when the mouse is unable to        right itself. The loss of righting reflex determines the end        stage of disease: the mouse unable to right itself is        euthanized.        Results-Combinations Therapies are Efficient in ALS In Vivo        Model

An improvement of the disease is observed for the diseased animalstreated with for the Baclofen and Acamprosate combination.

III) Protective Effect of Combinations in Oxaliplatine InducedNeuropathy as an In Vivo Model for Neuropathic Pain.

Combinatorial therapies of the present invention are tested in vivo, insuitable models of peripheral neuropathy, i.e., acute model ofoxaliplatin-induced neuropathy and chronic model of oxaliplatin-inducedneuropathy. The animals, protocols and results are presented in thissection.

Animal Husbandry

Sprague-Dawley rats (CERJ, France), weighing 150-175 g at the beginningof the experimental of the Oxaliplatin treatment (D_(o)) are used.Animals are housed in a limited access animal facility in a temperature(19.5° C.-24.5° C.) and relative humidity (45%-65%) controlled room witha 12 h—light/dark cycle, with ad libitum access to standard pelletedlaboratory chow and water throughout the study. Animals are housed 4 or5 per cage and a one week-acclimation period is observed before anytesting.

Experimental Design

Four following groups of rats are used in all experiments:

Control Groups:

Group 1: Vehicle of Oxaliplatin (distilled water), i.p./Vehicle ofcandidate combination(s) (Distilled water), p.o. daily.

Group 2: Oxaliplatin (distilled water), i.p./Vehicle of candidatecombination(s) (Distilled water), p.o. daily.

Group 3: Oxaliplatin 3 mg/kg i.p./single drug in Distilled water, p.o.daily×9.

Tested Composition Groups:

Group 4: Oxaliplatin 3 mg/kg i.p./candidate combination(s) in Distilledwater, p.o. daily×9.

Group 5: Oxaliplatin 3 mg/kg i.p./Gabapentin (100 mg/kg) in Distilledwater, p.o. on testing days (i.e. D₁ & D₈);

Vehicle and test items are delivered daily from D-1 to D7 (the daybefore the last testing day) whereas Gabapentin is administered ontesting days (120 minutes before the test).

All treatments are administered in a coded and random order when it ispossible. Doses are expressed in terms of free active substance.

Neuropathy Induction

Acute neuropathy is induced by a single intraperitoneal injection ofoxaliplatin (3 mg/kg).

Chronic peripheral neuropathy is induced by repeated intraperitonealinjections of oxaliplatin (3 mg/kg, i.p.) on days 0, 2, 4 and 7 (CD=12mg/kg, i.p.). Chronic neuropathy in humans is cumulative as well and ismost commonly seen in patients who have received total doses ofoxaliplatin > or =540 mg/m² which corresponds to ˜15 mg/kg as cumulativedose in rats (Cersosimo R. J. 2005).

The oxaliplatin-induced painful neuropathy in rat reproduces the painsymptoms in oxaliplatin-treated patients:

-   -   The thermal hyperalgesia is the earliest symptom. It can be        measured with the acetone test or with the tail-immersion test;    -   The mechanical hyperalgesia appears later. It can be quantified        with the Von Frey test or the paw pressure test.        Animal Dosing and Testing

All drug combinations are administered from the day before the firstintraperitoneal injection of oxaliplatin 3 mg/kg (D−1) and pursued dailyorally until D7. During the testing days (i.e. D1 and D7), the drugcombinations are administered after the test. Animals from thereference-treated group (gabapentin) are dosed only during the testingdays.

Acetone Test

Cold allodynia is assessed using the acetone test by measuring theresponses to thermal non-nociceptive stimulation on D1 (around 24 hafter the first injection of oxaliplatin 3 mg/kg (acute effect ofoxaliplatin), and D8 (chronic effect of oxaliplatin).

In the acetone test, latency of hindpaw withdrawal is measured afterapplication of a drop of acetone to the plantar surface of both hindpaws(reaction time) and the intensity of the response is scored (coldscore). Reaction time to the cooling effect of acetone is measuredwithin 20 sec (cut-off) after acetone application. Responses to acetoneare also graded to the following 4-point scale: 0 (no response); 1(quick withdrawal, flick of the paw); 2 (prolonged withdrawal or markedflicking of the paw); 3 (repeated flicking of the paw with licking orbiting).

For each experimental group, results are expressed as:

-   -   The reaction time defined as the time expressed in sec required        to elicit paw reaction (mean of 6 measures for each rat        together±SEM).    -   The cumulative cold score defined as the sum of the 6 scores for        each rat together±SEM. The minimum score being 0 (no response to        any of the 6 trials) and the maximum possible score being 18        (repeated flicking and licking or biting of paws on each of the        six trials).        Statistical Analyses

Student test, unilateral, type 3 is performed. The significance level isset as p<0.05; all the groups are compared to the diseased+vehicle group(oxaliplatin treated group). Means and standard error mean are shown onthe figures.

Results

Oxaliplatin induced a significant decrease in reaction time of pawwithdrawal after acetone application (diseased group+vehicle) during thetime course. This decrease is progressive and significant from day 1(acute model of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy) to day 8 (chronic model)as compared to the vehicle group.

-   -   Anti-Allodynic Effect in Acute Model and Chronic Model of        Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathy

Baclofen and Acamprosate combination are tested in both models ofoxaliplatin-induced neuropathy. It induces a significant decrease in thecumulative cold score and a significant increase of reaction time ascompared to the oxaliplatin-vehicle treated group. In conclusion, thisdrug combination protects from chronic and acute neuropathy.

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We claim:
 1. A method of treating Alzheimer's disease or a relateddisease selected from senile dementia of AD type (SDAT), mild cognitiveimpairment (MCI) and age-associated memory impairment (AAMI), comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a synergistic combination ofbaclofen and acamprosate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof,in an amount effective to treat said subject.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein baclofen and acamprosate are mixed with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier or excipient.
 3. The method of claim 1, whereinbaclofen and acamprosate are formulated or administered together,separately or sequentially.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein baclofenand acamprosate are administered repeatedly to the subject.
 5. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the synergistic combination of baclofen andacamprosate has a ratio of Acamprosate/Baclofen (W:W) between 0.1 and1000.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein baclofen is administered at adose of between 0.01 and 150 mg/day.
 7. The method of claim 1, whereinacamprosate is administered at a dose of less than 400 mg/day.
 8. Themethod of claim 1, wherein a calcium salt of acamprosate is used.
 9. Themethod of claim 1, comprising administering to the subject: baclofen andacamprosate, baclofen and acamprosate and diethylcarbamazine, baclofenand acamprosate and cinacalcet, baclofen and acamprosate andsulfisoxazole, baclofen and acamprosate and torasemide, baclofen andacamprosate and ifenprodil, baclofen and acamprosate and mexiletine,baclofen and acamprosate and eplerenone, baclofen and acamprosate andlevosimendan, baclofen and acamprosate and terbinafine, or baclofen andacamprosate and leflunomide.
 10. The method of claim 1, comprisingadministering to a subject a composition comprising: baclofen,acamprosate and donepezil, baclofen, acamprosate and rivastigmine, orbaclofen, acamprosate and memantine.
 11. The method of claim 1,comprising administering to the subject baclofen and acamprosate as theonly active agents.
 12. A method for improving cognitive functions in asubject suffering from, predisposed to, or suspected to suffer fromAlzheimer's disease, the method comprising administering to said subjecta synergistic combination of baclofen and acamprosate, orpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof in an amount effective totreat said subject.
 13. A method for improving memory in a subjectsuffering from, predisposed to, or suspected to suffer from Alzheimer'sdisease, the method comprising administering to said subject asynergistic combination of baclofen and acamprosate, or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof in an amount effective to treat said subject.14. The method of claim 1, wherein baclofen and acamprosate actsynergistically in protecting neuronal or endothelial cells from Aβtoxicity in vitro.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is ahuman subject.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein said subject is ahuman subject having Alzheimer's disease.
 17. The method of claim 1,said method comprising administering 0.01 to 150 mg/day of baclofen, orpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and less than 400 mg/day ofacamprosate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, as thesynergistic combination of baclofen and acamprosate to said subject.